Question 1

In the diathesis-stress model, what does "diathesis" refer to?

Accepted Answer

In the diathesis-stress model, the term "diathesis" refers to an inherited tendency or condition that makes a person susceptible to developing a disorder. This means that individuals may have a genetic predisposition to a particular mental health condition, but it only develops under certain environmental stressors or triggers. Option A describes the stressors that can trigger a disorder, option B describes a preexisting subclinical disease state, and option D refers to the interaction of social and psychological influences, which is not specifically related to the diathesis-stress model.

Question 2

Michael and Marie lost their parents in a tragic accident.Marie has developed depression while Michael has not.Dr.Guthrie thinks that the difference is due to the siblings' genders.Which of the following is Dr.Guthrie likely to cite to support her claim?

Accepted Answer

Dr. Guthrie might cite the tendency of women to ruminate on negative events and blame themselves as a reason for Marie's depression, suggesting a gender difference in coping mechanisms.

Question 3

Dr.Tracy conducts an experiment where participants are given a mild shock followed by either a placebo or an opioid.When Dr.Tracy asks participants about pain relief and studies pain-related areas of their brains, what will Dr.Tracy find?

Accepted Answer

Both the placebo and the opioid drug can relieve pain, and studies have shown that they can activate similar regions in the brain, particularly in the brain stem, which is involved in pain modulation.

Question 4

It is important to understand the process of how learned helplessness is created in laboratory animals because learned helplessness in animals resembles a psychological disorder in humans.What is this disorder?

Accepted Answer

The disorder resembling learned helplessness in animals is depression. Learned helplessness is a phenomenon where an animal or person learns that they have no control over their environment and subsequently give up trying to escape or avoid negative situations. This can lead to symptoms of depression in both animals and humans.

Question 5

Wayne knows he takes a medication that causes the neurotransmitter to remain in the synapse, rather than being drawn back into the neuron.What process is being affected by the medication?

Accepted Answer

The medication is affecting the process of reuptake, which is the process by which neurotransmitters are drawn back into the neuron after being released into the synapse. By causing the neurotransmitter to remain in the synapse, the medication is preventing reuptake from occurring.

Question 6

In the diathesis-stress model, what does "stress" refer to?

Accepted Answer

In the diathesis-stress model, "stress" refers to life events that, in combination with an inherited tendency (diathesis), can trigger a disorder.

Question 7

Which neurotransmitter is associated with the regulation of mood, behaviour, and thought processes?

Accepted Answer

Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that is involved in the regulation of mood, behaviour, and thought processes. It is often referred to as the "feel good" neurotransmitter, as it is associated with feelings of happiness and well-being. Serotonin plays a role in many physiological processes, including sleep, appetite, and digestion, and is also involved in regulating pain and body temperature. Dysfunction of the serotonin system has been implicated in a number of psychiatric and neurological disorders, including depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Question 8

Bandura's theory of vicarious learning includes noticing, remembering, and exhibiting the model's behaviour.What additional step in the process does Bandura's research also suggest?

Accepted Answer

Bandura's theory of vicarious learning includes motivation as an additional step, where observing the model being rewarded increases the likelihood of the observer imitating the behavior.

Question 9

Which of the following has dopamine been implicated in?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine has been implicated in disorders of addiction as well as schizophrenia, particularly in the positive symptoms of the disorder such as hallucinations and delusions. While dopamine has been studied in depression and ADHD, it is not the primary neurotransmitter implicated in these disorders.

Question 10

Hannah is home alone late at night when she hears a loud, frightening noise.Her heart begins pounding, her muscles tense up, and her senses sharpen.Which system is causing Hannah's reaction?

Accepted Answer

The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the "fight or flight" response in the body when it perceives a threat. This response includes increased heart rate, muscle tension, and heightened senses, which are all symptoms that Hannah is experiencing in response to the loud noise.

Question 11

Donald Meichenbaum developed self-instructional training for the treatment of depression.What is the goal of this treatment?

Accepted Answer

The goal of self-instructional training for the treatment of depression, developed by Donald Meichenbaum, is to help the client modify what they say to themselves about the consequences of their behavior. This involves changing negative self-talk and developing more positive and adaptive self-instructions. The other options (A, B, and C) relate to different therapeutic approaches and goals, but are not specific to self-instructional training for depression.

Question 12

Which of the following is an excitatory neurotransmitter that turns on many different neurons?

Accepted Answer

Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter that turns on many different neurons. It is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and is involved in several cognitive functions such as learning, memory, and synaptic plasticity.

Question 13

Christina sits down to relax in her soft chair after a long, tiring day.As she sits reading her paper, she grows more relaxed.Her breathing and heart rate slow down and her muscles loosen.Which system is causing Christina's relaxation?

Accepted Answer

The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for the body's "rest and digest" response, which includes relaxation and a decrease in heart rate and breathing.

Question 14

The definition of emotion, which is agreed upon by most researchers, includes an external event, a feeling state, a behaviour, and which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The definition of emotion includes an external event that triggers a physiological response, which in turn leads to a feeling state and a behaviour. Therefore, the correct choice is D- physiological response, as it is an essential component of the definition of emotion. Choices A and B, fear and hostility, respectively, are specific emotional states, but not components of the definition of emotion itself. Choice C, expectation, is also not a component of the definition of emotion.

Question 15

If you put all the neurons from a brain in a hat and randomly selected one, which area would the neuron most likely have come from?

Accepted Answer

The cerebral cortex, also known as the "outer layer" of the brain, contains the highest number of neurons among all areas of the brain. It is responsible for many cognitive functions such as perception, attention, consciousness, and memory, and therefore has a higher concentration of neurons compared to other areas such as the basal ganglia, midbrain, and brain stem.

Question 16

Sean suffers from enduring states of depression that last for persistent periods of time.Which term best describes Sean's persistent state of depression?

Accepted Answer

Mood best describes enduring, persistent states of depression. Unlike emotions, which are typically shorter-lived and more intense, mood refers to a more prolonged, general feeling state.

Question 17

Dana has experienced an injury and can no longer perceive some sensory information.Which of Dana's nervous systems is damaged?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Dana has experienced an injury and can...

Question 18

What has brain imaging research revealed about cognitive-behavioural therapy?

Accepted Answer

Brain imaging research has revealed that psychosocial factors such as therapy can affect neurotransmitter activity. This suggests that cognitive-behavioral therapy can have a direct impact on brain function and chemistry.

Question 19

From their review of studies examining Stroop effects in eating-disordered samples, what did Dobson and Dozois (2004) find in the colour-naming for body/weight words in those with anorexia?

Accepted Answer

Dobson and Dozois (2004) found that in the color-naming task for body/weight words, individuals with anorexia were slower. This is consistent with the idea that individuals with anorexia have heightened attention to stimuli related to their body and weight, which may interfere with their ability to perform the task quickly and accurately.

Question 20

What term did Seligman coin to refer to people's tendency to display a positive, upbeat attitude even when they are faced with considerable stress and difficulty in their lives?

Accepted Answer

Seligman coined the term "learned optimism" to describe how people can learn to have a more positive and optimistic outlook, which helps them deal with stress and adversity more effectively.

Quiz 2: An Integrative Approach to Psychopathology