Question 1

Public opinion about punishment has remained static over the last 200 years.

Accepted Answer

Public opinion about punishment has not remained static over the last 200 years. It has changed significantly, particularly in relation to issues such as the death penalty, prison reform, and the use of alternative forms of punishment.

Question 2

Another name for the medieval practice of banishment is "relocation."

Accepted Answer

Banishment and relocation are not interchangeable terms. Banishment is a form of punishment where a person is expelled from their home or country, while relocation refers to the act of moving to a new place voluntarily or for various reasons.

Question 3

In England by the year 1200, a system of wergild, or payment of money as compensation, had developed as a way for the king to collect additional resources from the citizens.

Accepted Answer

The wergild system was a form of compensation for injury or death, prevalent in early medieval societies, including Anglo-Saxon England, but it was not specifically developed by the year 1200 for the king to collect resources. By 1200, England had moved towards a more centralized legal system under the common law.

Question 4

Best known for his utilitarian theories, including his creation of the phrase of "hedonic calculus," Jeremy Bentham was a leading social scholar and philosopher of his time.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. Jeremy Bentham was a prominent scholar and philosopher known for his utilitarian theories, which centered around the greatest happiness of the greatest number of people. He coined the term "hedonic calculus" to describe his belief that pleasure and pain should be measured and compared to determine the morality of actions.

Question 5

Like other social institutions, corrections reflects the vision and concern of the larger community.

Accepted Answer

Corrections, as a social institution, is shaped by the values, beliefs, and concerns of the larger community. It is created to address the issue of criminal behavior and is expected to reflect the community's goals of keeping people safe, deterring crime, and providing rehabilitation opportunities for offenders. Therefore, the vision of corrections is closely tied to the values of the community it serves.

Question 6

Shaming is a new punishment idea that was first used during the early 1900s in both Europe and the United States.

Accepted Answer

Shaming has been used as a form of punishment since ancient times. It was not a new idea in the 1900s.

Question 7

Jeremy Bentham was the one-time high sheriff of Bedfordshire, England, who helped spur changes that resulted in the development of the penitentiary during the late 1700s.

Accepted Answer

Jeremy Bentham was a philosopher and legal theorist, and not a high sheriff of Bedfordshire. However, he did contribute to the development of the penitentiary through his ideas on the principles of punishment and the panopticon design for prison architecture.

Question 8

The following is an example of corporal punishment:

Accepted Answer

Corporal punishment refers to physical punishment, such as spanking, whipping, or caning, as a means of discipline. Option B, whipping, is the only example of physical punishment listed among the answer choices.

Question 9

Political liberals and encouraged reform of the prison system during the Enlightenment period.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Political liberals and encouraged reform of the...

Question 10

Attempts to reform prisons began in the 1500s with the disintegration of feudalism.

Accepted Answer

This is true. The disintegration of feudalism led to a more centralized government, which began to take more responsibility for prisons and attempted to improve conditions for prisoners.

Question 11

Until the late Middle Ages, prisons were used primarily for the detention of people awaiting trial.

Accepted Answer

Prisons were originally used as a temporary holding place for those awaiting trial, with the punishment for the crime typically being fines, flogging, or banishment. It wasn't until the late Middle Ages that prisons began to be used as long-term incarceration for convicted criminals.

Question 12

The purpose of punishment as a public spectacle was:

Accepted Answer

The answer of The purpose of punishment as a public...

Question 13

Banishment can best be described as punishment inflicted on the offender's body with whips and other devices that cause physical pain and scarring.

Accepted Answer

Banishment is the act of being forced to leave a place or community, usually as a form of punishment, whereas the description given in the statement is actually referring to corporal punishment.

Question 14

The founder of the Classical School of Criminology is Cesare Beccaria, who applied the rationalist philosophy of the Enlightenment to the criminal justice system.

Accepted Answer

Cesare Beccaria is widely regarded as the founder of the Classical School of Criminology, and he did indeed apply the rationalist philosophy of the Enlightenment to the criminal justice system.

Question 15

Under the law of retaliation, lex talionis, vengeance was a duty to be carried out by the person wronged or by a family member of the victim.

Accepted Answer

Under the law of retaliation, the victim or a family member of the victim was responsible for seeking vengeance. This was common in many ancient societies, including Babylonian and Hebrew law.

Question 16

The period known as "the Enlightenment" brought about new ideas based on rationalization, the importance of individuals, and the limitations of government.

Accepted Answer

The Enlightenment was a period in European history in which new ideas about reason and individualism flourished, including beliefs in the importance of rational thinking and a skepticism of traditional authority. These ideas led to the development of political systems based on individual rights and the rule of law, limiting the power of governments and promoting freedom of expression and thought.

Question 17

Major efforts began by the start of the 19th century in both Europe and the United States to devise a more severe penal sanction that focused completely on the body, rather than the mind of the offender.

Accepted Answer

By the start of the 19th century, penal reforms in Europe and the United States were moving towards less severe physical punishments and more towards rehabilitation and reform of the mind, focusing on imprisonment and moral reform rather than corporal punishment.

Question 18

The new industrialism brought about a shift from penal to economic considerations as the basis for punishment.

Accepted Answer

With the rise of industrialization, there was a shift towards using punishment as a means of promoting economic productivity and discipline in the workforce, rather than simply punishing individuals for their crimes. This approach has been referred to as "penal modernism."

Question 19

One of the major reasons England and Europe resorted to sending offenders to the "New World" was that their prisons and houses of corrections were overcrowded.

Accepted Answer

This is true. England and Europe's prisons and houses of corrections were overcrowded, leading them to send offenders to the "New World."

Question 20

Jeremy Bentham argued that effective punishments prevent in the future.

Accepted Answer

Bentham believed that punishments should deter individuals from engaging in similar behavior in the future.

Quiz 2: The Early History of Correctional Thought and Practice