Question 1

Holding unrealistically positive views of oneself is called

Accepted Answer

Holding unrealistically positive views of oneself is known as self-enhancement. This involves overestimating one's abilities and accomplishments, while also ignoring or downplaying negative feedback. Self-enhancement is common and can help individuals maintain high self-esteem, but can also lead to unrealistic expectations and a lack of self-awareness.

Question 2

Jana's New Year's resolution is to train to run a 10km race.She has been doing great,getting up to go on a run at 7am five days a week,including this morning.When she's headed to work after her run,she gets to the subway station and finds that there is a service disruption.She will have to wait 15 minutes for the next train.Based on the self-control approach,what is most likely to happen?

Accepted Answer

The self-control approach suggests that exerting self-control in one area (like maintaining a rigorous exercise schedule) can deplete one's overall self-control capacity temporarily, making it more likely for Jana to exhibit reduced patience or increased irritability, as in snapping at someone.

Question 3

______________ posits that self-esteem is a gauge that monitors the extent to which we are accepted or rejected by others.

Accepted Answer

The Sociometer Theory suggests that self-esteem serves as a monitor of our social interactions and relationships with others. It proposes that self-esteem fluctuates based on the perception of how accepted or rejected we feel by the social groups around us. Thus, E is the correct answer. The other options (A - D) do not specifically relate to the role of social acceptance and rejection in the formation of self-esteem.

Question 4

Which of the following people is engaging in upward social comparison?

Accepted Answer

Toni is engaging in upward social comparison by comparing her own writing skills to those of successful and accomplished authors like William Faulkner and Flannery O'Connor. She is using their work as a standard of excellence to aspire to and improve her own skills. The other options either involve self-evaluation or comparison to others who are less successful.

Question 5

What approach suggests that we all have a limited amount of energy to devote to self-control and that using up this energy on one task reduces the amount of self-control that can be used for another task?

Accepted Answer

The self-regulatory resource model suggests that individuals have a limited amount of self-control resources that can be used for various tasks. Using up these resources for one task reduces the amount of self-control that can be used for another task. This is also known as ego depletion.

Question 6

Which subjects in Tiggeman & Polivy's (2010)study of the effects of social comparison had the LEAST dissatisfaction with their bodies and LEAST negative mood?

Accepted Answer

Subjects who compared their intelligence with that of a thin model were less likely to experience body dissatisfaction and negative mood, as the comparison was not directly related to physical appearance.

Question 7

According to research on social comparison,elderly people feel more life satisfaction when

Accepted Answer

Social comparison theory suggests that individuals evaluate themselves by making comparisons with others. Elderly people may feel more life satisfaction when they compare themselves with others who are worse off than they are (reminding themselves that others are worse off than they are), as this comparison can make them feel better about their own situation.

Question 8

When we are motivated to feel good about ourselves,we

Accepted Answer

When we are motivated to feel good about ourselves, we may use downward social comparison, which involves comparing ourselves to others who are less fortunate or successful to boost our self-esteem. Option A (self-handicapping) refers to the act of creating obstacles or excuses to explain potential failure, which protects our self-esteem but does not necessarily make us feel good about ourselves. Option B (internal attributions) involves attributing our successes or failures to our own personal characteristics or abilities, while Option C (external attributions) involves attributing our successes or failures to external factors such as luck or the actions of others. Option E (seeking self-awareness) may be helpful in understanding ourselves better but may not necessarily result in feeling good about ourselves.

Question 9

Gus went golfing last week and shot a score of 85,the best score he has ever shot after years of playing.At work the next day he tells his close friend Arnie about his achievement.Arnie tells Gus that he also went golfing yesterday and shot a score of 72,which is quite a bit better than Gus' score.According to the research on social comparison processes presented in the text,

Accepted Answer

According to social comparison theory, individuals tend to evaluate themselves by comparing themselves to others. In this case, Arnie's better score may lead Gus to feel less satisfied with his own performance (even though it was his personal best) and may decrease his motivation to practice. This is known as downward social comparison, where the individual compares themselves to someone who is better off, leading to feelings of inferiority and reduced self-esteem. Therefore, D is the best choice.

Question 10

Upward social comparison is to _______ as downward social comparison is to _______.

Accepted Answer

Upward social comparison, which involves comparing oneself to those who are better off or more skilled, can lead to lower self-esteem because it highlights one's own shortcomings or lack of resources. Downward social comparison, on the other hand, involves comparing oneself to those who are worse off, which can boost one's self-esteem by making one's own situation seem better in comparison.

Question 11

Bonnie has generally low self-esteem.According to Danu Anthony Stinson's research on sociometer theory,she will be most willing to join a new social group if

Accepted Answer

According to sociometer theory, individuals with low self-esteem have a stronger desire to be accepted by others in order to validate their self-worth. Therefore, if someone in the new social group acknowledges Bonnie's positive qualities and indicates that they expect to like her, it is likely to make her feel more accepted and valued, increasing her willingness to join the group.

Question 12

Wilson and Ross have shown that comparing our past self with our current self is

Accepted Answer

Comparing our past self with our current self can highlight personal growth and improvements, thereby boosting self-esteem.

Question 13

Heine,Takata,and Lehman (2000)found that failure feedback

Accepted Answer

Heine, Takata, and Lehman (2000) found that failure feedback did not affect Canadian students' positive evaluations of their math skills, but led to self-effacement among Japanese students. Therefore, choice A is the best choice as it accurately reflects the study's findings. Choices B, C, D, and E are incorrect because they either inaccurately portray the study's results or provide insufficient information about the effects of failure feedback on students' math skills.

Question 14

Surveys of Canadian university students show a tendency for students to think they are _______ most other students.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that many university students tend to overestimate their own abilities and believe they are better than their peers. This phenomenon is often referred to as the "above average effect" or "illusory superiority."

Question 15

Research comparing self-esteem in Canadian versus Eastern Asian cultures finds that

Accepted Answer

Research comparing self-esteem across cultures often finds that individuals from Western cultures, like Canada, tend to rate themselves more positively due to the cultural emphasis on individualism and self-promotion. In contrast, Eastern Asian cultures, such as China and Japan, which value collectivism and humility, often see individuals rating themselves more negatively in comparison to their peers.

Question 16

_______ is who we are,and _______ is our best self.

Accepted Answer

The answer of _______ is who we are,and _______ is...

Question 17

According to sociometer theory,"chronic" self-esteem refers to ________________ whereas "state" self-esteem refers to ________________.

Accepted Answer

Chronic self-esteem refers to our general, overall feelings of being accepted or rejected, while state self-esteem refers to our feelings of acceptance or rejection in specific situations or relationships.

Question 18

According to the textbook,self-enhancement is

Accepted Answer

The textbook explains that self-enhancement is largely a phenomenon of individualistic cultures, where there is a greater emphasis on standing out and being unique. In collectivistic cultures, individuals are more likely to prioritize the success and well-being of the group over their own individual achievements. Thus, self-enhancement is less common in these cultures.

Question 19

In which of the following circumstances would we generally feel worse after social comparison?

Accepted Answer

When our ideal self is compared to a very successful person, we are likely to feel worse because the comparison highlights the discrepancy between our current state and the ideal self we strive for. This can lead to feelings of inadequacy and low self-esteem. In the other scenarios (B, C, D, and E), there is either a positive comparison to be made (such as being inspired by someone else's success), or the comparison is to a less impressive version of ourselves, which can be seen as progress rather than a setback.

Question 20

Joanne Wood,Shelley Taylor,and Rosemary Lichtman (1985)found that in order to feel more optimistic about their own futures,cancer patients engage in

Accepted Answer

Joanne Wood, Shelley Taylor, and Rosemary Lichtman (1985) found that cancer patients often engage in downward social comparison, which means comparing themselves to others who are worse off, in order to feel more optimistic about their own futures. This helps in coping by making their own situations seem more bearable in comparison.

Quiz 5: The Self Understanding Ourselves in a Social Context

Holding unrealistically positive views of oneself is called

______________ posits that self-esteem is a gauge that monitors the extent to which we are accepted or rejected by others.

Which of the following people is engaging in upward social comparison?

What approach suggests that we all have a limited amount of energy to devote to self-control and that using up this energy on one task reduces the amount of self-control that can be used for another task?

Which subjects in Tiggeman & Polivy's (2010) study of the effects of social comparison had the LEAST dissatisfaction with their bodies and LEAST negative mood?

According to research on social comparison,elderly people feel more life satisfaction when

When we are motivated to feel good about ourselves,we

Upward social comparison is to _ as downward social comparison is to _.

Bonnie has generally low self-esteem.According to Danu Anthony Stinson's research on sociometer theory,she will be most willing to join a new social group if

Wilson and Ross have shown that comparing our past self with our current self is

Heine,Takata,and Lehman (2000) found that failure feedback

Surveys of Canadian university students show a tendency for students to think they are _______ most other students.

Research comparing self-esteem in Canadian versus Eastern Asian cultures finds that

_ is who we are,and _ is our best self.

According to sociometer theory,"chronic" self-esteem refers to whereas "state" self-esteem refers to .

According to the textbook,self-enhancement is

In which of the following circumstances would we generally feel worse after social comparison?

Joanne Wood,Shelley Taylor,and Rosemary Lichtman (1985) found that in order to feel more optimistic about their own futures,cancer patients engage in