Question 1

In which of the following regions have neurons exhibited sustained activity in tests of short-term memory? (Check all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

B

Question 2

Describe the early PFC lesion studies in monkeys by Jacobson and Malmo. Based on their results, what conclusions did each of them reach?

Accepted Answer

Jacobson and Malmo conducted early PFC lesion studies in monkeys to investigate the effects of prefrontal cortex (PFC) damage on behavior. Jacobson found that lesions to the PFC resulted in deficits in learning and memory tasks, as well as impairments in attention and problem-solving abilities. He concluded that the PFC plays a crucial role in cognitive functions and executive control.

On the other hand, Malmo's studies showed that PFC lesions led to changes in emotional behavior, such as increased aggression and impulsivity. He also observed deficits in social interactions and self-regulation. From these findings, Malmo concluded that the PFC is involved in regulating emotional responses and social behavior.

Overall, both Jacobson and Malmo's studies highlighted the importance of the PFC in various aspects of behavior, including cognitive functions, emotional regulation, and social behavior. Their research laid the foundation for further exploration of the PFC's role in brain function and its implications for understanding neurological disorders and psychiatric conditions.

Question 3

According to Goldman-Rakic, the equivalent to "what" and "where" pathways in the PFC are specific STM memory systems for:

Accepted Answer

Spatial locations; objects

Question 4

What is the difference between short-term memory and working memory?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the difference between short-term memory...

Question 5

Invent a task that measures short-term memory. Now, change that task to measure working memory.

Accepted Answer

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Question 6

How has the CDA been redescribed in terms of changes to alpha-band amplitude?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How has the CDA been redescribed in...

Question 7

What was Hebb's idea about how short-term maintenance is achieved?

Accepted Answer

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Question 8

Describe two situations in which lesions to the PFC disrupt performance in working memory tasks.

Accepted Answer

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Question 9

What has been the traditional interpretation of delay-period load sensitivity, in fMRI data, during tests of STM? Are results from MVPA studies consistent with or at odds with the traditional interpretation?

Accepted Answer

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Question 10

What are two electrophysiological measures that have been associated with load manipulations in short-term memory?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What are two electrophysiological measures that have...

Question 11

What sort of task am I asking you to perform if I give you a mixed-up set of digits and ask you to recall them back to me in order of ascending magnitude?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What sort of task am I asking...

Question 12

What interpretation did Fuster and Alexander (1971) and Kubota and Niki (1971) give to the sustained, elevated delay-period activity recorded from PFC neurons?

Accepted Answer

Fuster and Alexander (1971) and Kubota and Niki (1971) interpreted the sustained, elevated delay-period activity recorded from PFC neurons as representing attention.

Question 13

What further subdivision of the visual/verbal organization of working memory did Goldman-Rakic propose based on the neuroscience literature and research by her group?

Accepted Answer

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Question 14

The question of whether elevated delay-period activity in the PFC corresponds to STM maintenance or some other function has been contentious. Summarize one way that the two accounts were pitted against each other in a single study.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The question of whether elevated delay-period activity...

Question 15

What is the CDA? How is it measured? How does it change with memory load?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the CDA? How is it...

Question 16

What is the "sensory recruitment hypothesis" of short-term memory? What empirical findings are consistent with it?

Accepted Answer

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Question 17

What two types of information were dissociated in Baddeley and Hitch's cognitive model of working memory?

Accepted Answer

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Question 18

What aspects of STM task performance have PFC neurons been associated with?

Accepted Answer

PFC neurons have been associated with all aspects of STM task performance, including encoding, maintenance, and response.

Question 19

How might a retrospective MVP of single-unit extracellular recordings yield information that wasn't evident in the original single-unit analysis of the same data set?

Accepted Answer

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Question 20

The earliest studies showing sustained, delay-period activity in the PFC by Fuster and Alexander interpreted this elevated activity to what cognitive construct?

Accepted Answer

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Quiz 13: Shortterm and Working Memory