Question 1

Which of the following was mentioned as a factor that makes it more difficult for people to lose weight?

Accepted Answer

Substantial weight gain can make physical activity more challenging, which in turn can make it harder to lose weight.

Question 2

Research conducted by Fallon and Rozin (1985) demonstrated that college women overestimated how thin they should be to conform to men's preferences, and that men ________ how bulky they should be to conform to women's preferences.

Accepted Answer

Fallon and Rozin's research found that men overestimated how bulky they should be to conform to women's preferences, similar to how women overestimated thinness.

Question 3

From animal research findings, it appears that when leptin reaches the hypothalamus it inhibits the activity of neurons that release , thereby reducing appetite.

Accepted Answer

Leptin inhibits the activity of neurons that release neuropeptide Y in the hypothalamus, which is associated with stimulating appetite.

Question 4

Initial research suggested that the lateral hypothalamus (LH) was a "hunger on" centre in the brain, but more recent research has revealed that neurons in a different centre play an important role in triggering and reducing hunger. This centre is called:

Accepted Answer

The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus has been identified in more recent research as playing a significant role in regulating hunger and satiety, influencing both the initiation and cessation of eating.

Question 5

Researchers have determined that meals tend to last longer and people tend to eat more food when they eat _ _.

Accepted Answer

When people eat with other people, they tend to eat more food and their meals last longer because they are engaged in conversation and social interaction, which slows down the pace of eating.

Question 6

The case of the Pima Indians of Arizona demonstrates how:

Accepted Answer

The Pima Indians of Arizona have been studied to show how both genetic predispositions and environmental factors, such as diet and lifestyle, can interact to lead to high rates of obesity.

Question 7

In general, people who are heavier tend to have lower self-esteem. Research has indicated that:

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that the relationship between weight and self-esteem is generally stronger for women than for men, due to societal pressures and beauty standards that more heavily emphasize thinness for women.

Question 8

Research on Playboy magazine centrefolds and Miss America contestants between the 1950s and 1990s has revealed a trend for an "ideal" body shape for women that is ________.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that the "ideal" body shape for women, as depicted by Playboy magazine centrefolds and Miss America contestants during this period, has trended towards being thin and unrealistic, often promoting an unattainable standard of beauty.

Question 9

Which of the following directly demonstrates that genetics play an important role in obesity?

Accepted Answer

Identical twins share the same genetic makeup, so if they have similar body mass regardless of being raised apart, it suggests a strong genetic component to obesity.

Question 10

The perspective that claims that some cultures teach women to view their bodies as objects, which in turn can lead to self-imposed eating restrictions or even eating disorders is known as:

Accepted Answer

Objectification theory suggests that societal and cultural norms can lead women to internalize an observer's perspective on their bodies, viewing themselves as objects, which can contribute to body dissatisfaction and eating disorders.

Question 11

Modern research on the physiological mechanisms responsible for hunger have revealed that:

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that the LH and VMH are involved in hunger regulation but are not strictly "hunger on" and "hunger off" centers as previously thought.

Question 12

According to Fredrickson and Roberts' objectification theory, American culture specifically teaches women:

Accepted Answer

Fredrickson and Roberts' objectification theory posits that American culture socializes women to internalize an observer's perspective on their own bodies, leading them to view their bodies as objects or commodities.

Question 13

According to the text, the most obvious environmental factor that influences eating is the:

Accepted Answer

Availability of food is the most obvious environmental factor influencing eating, as it directly determines what and how much food is accessible for consumption.

Question 14

For people who are overweight, their bodies tend to respond to food deprivation that is brought about by dieting by decreasing the rate of basal metabolism. This metabolic shift in response to dieting tends to over time.

Accepted Answer

Over time, the body's response to food deprivation by decreasing basal metabolism tends to become more pronounced, making it harder to lose weight as the body becomes more efficient at conserving energy.

Question 15

Which of the following was specifically mentioned as a cultural factor that can influence eating behaviours?

Accepted Answer

Cultural factors often dictate meal times, which can influence eating behaviors.

Question 16

We can learn to associate the smell and sight of food with its taste and, thus, these stimuli can serve to trigger a hunger response. This is best explained through the constructs of theory.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning involves learning to associate a neutral stimulus (like the smell or sight of food) with a significant stimulus (like the taste of food), leading to a conditioned response (hunger).

Question 17

Research with animals and human experience both suggest that we eat more when we eat from what is called a cafeteria diet. This increase is thought to occur because in this type of eating setting, we tend to eat:

Accepted Answer

A cafeteria diet offers a wide variety of foods, which can lead to increased consumption as people tend to eat more when presented with more options.

Question 18

According to recent studies, between 40 to 70 percent of body mass variation among people is accounted for by:

Accepted Answer

Genetic factors are estimated to account for 40 to 70 percent of the variation in body mass among individuals, according to recent studies.

Question 19

Prior to World War II, Pima Indians had normal rates of obesity and diabetes in their culture, but as their culture changed and they adopted a more Westernized diet and lifestyle, the rates of these two problems dramatically increased, demonstrating ________.

Accepted Answer

The change in diet and lifestyle among the Pima Indians led to increased rates of obesity and diabetes, illustrating how environmental factors (Westernized diet and lifestyle) can interact with genetic predispositions to influence health outcomes.

Question 20

Research on the possible psychological causes of obesity has determined that:

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that while psychological factors may contribute to obesity, the evidence is not strong enough to establish them as primary causes. Obesity is a complex condition influenced by a combination of genetic, environmental, and psychological factors.

Quiz 11: Motivation and Emotion