Question 1

In ecological systems theory, structures within the _______include the family, work, school, and the neighborhood.
A) macrosystem
B) mesosystem
C) microsystem
D) exosystem

Accepted Answer

The microsystem is the closest layer to the individual and contains the structures with which the individual has direct contact, such as family, school, and neighborhood.

Question 2

Which of the following is considered the LEAST likely factor in the development of both prosocial and maladaptive behaviors?
A) Underlying intrapsychic conflict
B) Internal processes such as cognition, mediation, and problem solving
C) External environmental events or cues
D) External reinforcers

Accepted Answer

Underlying intrapsychic conflict is considered the least likely factor in the development of both prosocial and maladaptive behaviors when compared to the other options. This is because prosocial and maladaptive behaviors are more directly influenced by internal processes (such as cognition and problem-solving), external environmental events or cues, and external reinforcers, which have a more observable and immediate impact on behavior. Intrapsychic conflicts, rooted in psychoanalytic theory, involve internal struggles within the mind that may not directly translate to observable behavior in the same way as the other factors.

Question 3

Antecedents that occur in immediate temporal proximity to a certain behavior are stimulus events.

Accepted Answer

Antecedents that occur immediately before a behavior and influence its occurrence are considered stimulus events in the context of behavior analysis.

Question 4

All of the following statements are true of a chain analysis EXCEPT:
A) description of a chain of events leading up to and following the behavior.
B) the therapist constructs a map of how the client arrives at dysfunctional responses.
C) the overall goal is to determine how the client's behavior influences others.
D) notes possible alternative adaptive pathways.

Accepted Answer

Chain analysis primarily focuses on understanding the sequence of events, thoughts, feelings, and behaviors leading to a particular problematic behavior and identifying alternative, more adaptive responses. The main goal is not to determine how the client's behavior influences others, but rather to understand and modify the client's own patterns of behavior.

Question 5

Talking, gesturing, and smiling are all examples of _______________behavior.
A) covert
B) open
C) obscured
D) overt

Accepted Answer

Talking, gesturing, and smiling are all forms of overt behavior, which means they are observable actions or responses.

Question 6

Operant extinction occurs when a behavior is:
A) followed by deliberate removal of a positive event.
B) no longer followed by reinforcing events.
C) followed by an unpleasant stimulus.
D) followed by a negative, natural consequence.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Operant extinction occurs when a behavior is:
A)...

Question 7

A practitioner wants to choose an evidence-based measure that produces the same results consistently. For stability and replicability, the practitioner would be interested in the assessment's:
A) validity.
B) reliability.
C) standard deviation.
D) central tendency.

Accepted Answer

Reliability refers to the consistency of an assessment's results over time and across different raters.

Question 8

A ten-year-old client is getting frequently disciplined in school for disrupting the class with his belligerent attitude toward the teacher. His behavior also results in receiving attention and having some of his peers perceive him as being a leader. The payoff of additional attention and admiration by peers may be identified as:
A) secondary gains.
B) punishers.
C) negative reinforcement.
D) antecedents.

Accepted Answer

Secondary gains refer to the benefits someone receives indirectly from being in a certain situation, such as receiving attention or admiration, which in this case is a result of the child's disruptive behavior.

Question 9

The major categories in a mental status exam include all of the following EXCEPT:
A) general description and appearance of the client.
B) family history.
C) mood and affect.
D) orientation to time, place, and people.

Accepted Answer

Family history is not a category typically included in a mental status exam. The mental status exam focuses on the individual's current cognitive and emotional functioning, including appearance, mood, orientation, and thought processes, rather than family history.

Question 10

Negative reinforcement is associated with all the following EXCEPT:
A) avoidance.
B) escape.
C) punishment.
D) reward.

Accepted Answer

Negative reinforcement involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behavior, while punishment involves adding or removing a stimulus to decrease a behavior.

Question 11

A client complains of chest pains and a tightness in his throat while experiencing a panic attack. These symptoms would be considered a(n) ________component.
A) behavioral
B) cognitive
C) somatic
D) affective

Accepted Answer

Somatic components refer to the physical or bodily symptoms associated with psychological conditions, such as the chest pains and throat tightness experienced during a panic attack.

Question 12

A client values her Asian culture and identifies ways that those values have helped her cope with adversity. According to ecological systems theory, her cultural values would be with the___________ structure.
A) macrosystem
B) mesosystem
C) microsystem
D) exosystem

Accepted Answer

The macrosystem encompasses the cultural values, customs, and laws of society. The client's identification with her Asian culture and how those values have helped her cope aligns with the macrosystem's influence on an individual's development and coping mechanisms.

Question 13

In the DSM-5, substance abuse is categorized as which type of disorder:
A) externalizing.
B) environmental.
C) internalizing.
D) endemic.

Accepted Answer

Substance abuse is categorized as an externalizing disorder in the DSM-5, which includes behaviors directed outward, such as substance abuse, conduct disorders, and certain types of aggressive behaviors.

Question 14

The person-in-environment (PIE) classification system helps practitioners:
A) understand why clients choose their dysfunctional systems and environments.
B) understand the interrelationships between clients and the system or environment.
C) understand clients within their social contexts but is unable to address any culturally relevant dimensions.
D) make sense of the client's perceptions of their environment.

Accepted Answer

The PIE classification system is designed to help practitioners understand the interrelationships between clients and their environments, considering the social context and how it affects the client's behavior and functioning.

Question 15

In order to gain information on a client, unstructured interviews cannot be utilized in a diagnostic interview.

Accepted Answer

Unstructured interviews can be utilized in a diagnostic interview to gain information on a client, as they allow for a more open-ended exploration of the client's issues, symptoms, and history.

Question 16

Ungar (2011) and colleagues identified all of the following categories of resources related to well-being EXCEPT:
A) access to material resources.
B) relationships.
C) challenges and struggles.
D) power and control.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Ungar (2011) and colleagues identified all of...

Question 17

The DSM-5 uses a multi-axial system.

Accepted Answer

The DSM-5, published in 2013, moved away from the multi-axial system used in the DSM-IV, opting instead for a single-axis format that integrates all disorders into one list.

Question 18

Genetic and biochemical markers for disorders such as alcoholism and schizophrenia:
A) increase an individual's vulnerability to the disorder.
B) lead to early onset in adolescence.
C) result in an individual developing the disorder in early adulthood.
D) delay onset of the disorder until later adulthood.

Accepted Answer

Genetic and biochemical markers for disorders like alcoholism and schizophrenia do not guarantee the development of these disorders but increase an individual's vulnerability or susceptibility to them. This means that while not everyone with these markers will develop the disorders, they are at a higher risk compared to individuals without these markers.

Question 19

Response cost occurs when a behavior is:
A) no longer followed by reinforcing events.
B) followed by an unpleasant stimulus or event.
C) followed by deliberate removal or termination of a positive event.
D) followed by a negative, natural consequence.

Accepted Answer

Response cost refers to the consequence of a behavior that involves the removal of a positive stimulus. It is a form of punishment where something desirable is taken away because of the individual's behavior, thereby decreasing the likelihood of that behavior occurring again in the future.

Question 20

___________is the extent to which one measure adds information above and beyond what is already available through other measures.
A) Incremental validity
B) Reliability
C) Central tendency
D) Standardization

Accepted Answer

Incremental validity refers to the extent to which a new psychological measure or test provides information about a phenomenon or individual that is not provided by existing measures. It essentially assesses the added value of a new measure in the context of what is already known or available.

Quiz 8: Constructing, Contextualizing, and Evaluating Treatment Goals

In ecological systems theory, structures within the _______include the family, work, school, and the neighborhood.

Which of the following is considered the LEAST likely factor in the development of both prosocial and maladaptive behaviors?

Antecedents that occur in immediate temporal proximity to a certain behavior are stimulus events.

All of the following statements are true of a chain analysis EXCEPT:

Talking, gesturing, and smiling are all examples of _______________behavior.

Operant extinction occurs when a behavior is:

A practitioner wants to choose an evidence-based measure that produces the same results consistently. For stability and replicability, the practitioner would be interested in the assessment's:

The major categories in a mental status exam include all of the following EXCEPT:

Negative reinforcement is associated with all the following EXCEPT:

A client complains of chest pains and a tightness in his throat while experiencing a panic attack. These symptoms would be considered a(n) ________component.

A client values her Asian culture and identifies ways that those values have helped her cope with adversity. According to ecological systems theory, her cultural values would be with the___________ structure.

In the DSM-5, substance abuse is categorized as which type of disorder:

The person-in-environment (PIE) classification system helps practitioners:

In order to gain information on a client, unstructured interviews cannot be utilized in a diagnostic interview.

Ungar (2011) and colleagues identified all of the following categories of resources related to well-being EXCEPT:

The DSM-5 uses a multi-axial system.

Genetic and biochemical markers for disorders such as alcoholism and schizophrenia:

Response cost occurs when a behavior is:

___________is the extent to which one measure adds information above and beyond what is already available through other measures.