Question 1

In studying children's impulsivity and ability to delay gratification that involved resisting a cookie, "cool thoughts" refer to:

Accepted Answer

"Cool thoughts" refer to thoughts about anything other than the cookie, which help in delaying gratification by diverting attention away from the tempting object.

Question 2

The theory of _____ refers to awareness of presence and distinction between one's own mental processes and the mental processes of others.

Accepted Answer

The theory of mind refers to the ability to understand that others have beliefs, desires, intentions, and perspectives that are different from one's own.

Question 3

Tyler is looking at a picture book when he sees his favorite animal-a tiger. His father asks, "What are you smiling at?" Tyler turns the book around so his father can see the picture. Tyler first became able to understand his father's perspective at age:

Accepted Answer

Tyler is able to understand his father's perspective, which means he is able to put himself in his father's shoes and see things from his point of view. This is a skill that typically develops around age three.

Question 4

Garrett practiced printing the alphabet before he started school. Once there, he found out the teacher wanted him to make some of the letters differently from what he had practiced. When Garrett starts to make the letter the old way, catches himself, and switches to the new way, he is demonstrating:

Accepted Answer

Cognitive inhibition is the ability to suppress a prepotent response in order to make a more appropriate response. In this case, Garrett is suppressing his old way of making the letter in order to make it the new way.

Question 5

Six-year-old Shirley, a witness to a robbery, was asked to testify at the trial. The defense argued that her testimony would be invalid because:

Accepted Answer

Children's memories, especially at a young age, are highly susceptible to suggestion, which can affect the reliability of their testimony.

Question 6

Sustained attention or vigilance increases the most during:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Sustained attention or vigilance increases the most...

Question 7

Six-year-old Douglas is telling one of his mother's friends about his birthday party that occurred several weeks ago. As he describes his friends, the food, and his favorite presents, he is recalling:

Accepted Answer

Autobiographical memories are personal memories about one's own life events, such as Douglas recalling details about his birthday party.

Question 8

Regarding _____, preschool-age children increasingly remember specific, rich details about personal past events.

Accepted Answer

Autobiographical memories are memories of specific events in a person's life. They are typically rich in detail and can be recalled vividly. Preschool-age children increasingly remember specific, rich details about personal past events because their autobiographical memory is developing rapidly during this time.

Question 9

Lauren wants to open her birthday gift before people arrive for her party, but she knows she shouldn't. Rather than stay in the room with the present, she decides to go in another room and play. Lauren is demonstrating:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Lauren wants to open her birthday gift...

Question 10

When individuals deliberately shift their attention from one item to another, they are demonstrating:

Accepted Answer

Cognitive flexibility is the ability to shift attention between different tasks or mental sets.

Question 11

Camille wants to remember the name of a toy she saw on television. As she is going to tell her mother about it she keeps repeating the long name of the toy over and over. By doing this she is keeping the information active in her:

Accepted Answer

Repeating information over and over is a method of rehearsal that helps keep information active in short-term memory.

Question 12

Individuals retain information in short-term memory for up to _____ if there is no rehearsal or repetition of the information.

Accepted Answer

Short-term memory typically retains information for about 20 to 30 seconds without rehearsal or repetition.

Question 13

In Central European countries such as Hungary, kindergarten children participate in exercises such as stop-and-go games that require students to listen for a specific signal, such as a specific number of drumbeats designed to improve their _____.

Accepted Answer

These exercises are designed to improve children's attention by requiring them to focus and respond to specific auditory signals.

Question 14

Using rehearsal, we can keep information in short-term memory for a much longer period. In this context, rehearsal means:

Accepted Answer

Rehearsal refers to the process of repeating information after it has been presented, which allows us to keep the information in short-term memory for a longer period. Options A, B, and D do not accurately describe rehearsal.

Question 15

The finding that elementary school children perform better on memory-span tasks than preschool children is likely due to improvements in all of the following areas EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Preschool children are more susceptible to suggestion than elementary school children, which does not contribute to improvements in memory-span tasks. The other options (A, C, D) are areas where improvements can lead to better performance in memory tasks.

Question 16

With regard to perception, the youngest age at which a child recognizes that another person will see what is in front of his or her own eyes instead of what is in front of the child's eyes is:

Accepted Answer

The answer of With regard to perception, the youngest age...

Question 17

Research with the memory-span task suggests that:

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that short-term memory capacity, as measured by memory-span tasks, tends to increase during early childhood as cognitive development progresses.

Question 18

In early childhood, executive function is involved in all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Executive function in early childhood involves cognitive processes such as inhibition, flexibility, and goal setting, but not basic sensory processes like sensation.

Question 19

Irene is taking a test where she hears a random list of numbers, which she is then asked to repeat in the right order. Irene's _____ memory is being tested.

Accepted Answer

Irene's short-term memory is being tested because she needs to temporarily hold and manipulate the information (the list of numbers) to repeat it back in the correct order.

Question 20

Researchers have found that advances in executive function in the preschool years are linked with all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Advances in executive function in preschool years are linked with math skills, school readiness, and language development, but not directly with socioemotional development.

Quiz 5: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood