Question 1

You own a screen-printing business. On Monday, a well-known outdoor adventure company commissions you to design their new logo. Having left things a bit late, they want several options by Tuesday. Being the wise person that you are, you:

Accepted Answer

The answer of You own a screen-printing business. On Monday,...

Question 2

In the context of intergroup relations, a leader's effectiveness can often be thwarted or compromised due to:

Accepted Answer

A leader's effectiveness can be compromised if they are perceived as an outgroup leader by some subgroups, as this can lead to a lack of trust and cooperation from those subgroups.

Question 3

Prototypical leaders:

Accepted Answer

Prototypical leaders closely embody group norms, serving as a model for what is typical or expected within the group, which helps them gain influence and acceptance.

Question 4

In many real-world areas (such as politics), men tend to occupy more top leadership positions compared to women. Eagly's (2003) real congruity theory would attribute this gender gap in leadership positions to:

Accepted Answer

Eagly's role congruity theory suggests that the gender gap in leadership positions is due to social stereotypes about women, which are often inconsistent with the typical expectations of leadership roles. This leads to women being evaluated as less suitable for leadership positions compared to men.

Question 5

When group prototypicality is considered in the context of leadership, we find that:

Accepted Answer

Prototypical leaders are seen as embodying the group's values and norms, which leads followers to trust them more to act in the group's best interests.

Question 6

In the context of intergroup relations, leaders:

Accepted Answer

Leaders often use rhetoric to define their ingroup in a way that contrasts with an outgroup, emphasizing differences to strengthen group identity and cohesion. This strategy can be used to mobilize support and reinforce group boundaries.

Question 7

The Young Traditionalists are trying to drum up promotional ideas for their political party's advertising campaign next month. They brainstorm, but come up with some very conservative ideas. This is a likely outcome of:

Accepted Answer

Evaluation apprehension, which refers to the fear of being judged, can lead to conservative ideas during brainstorming because individuals may be reluctant to suggest bold or unconventional ideas.

Question 8

Through our various experiences, we know that we produce more and better ideas in groups than when we are alone. This belief is:

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that individuals often believe they generate more and better ideas in groups, but studies indicate that this is an illusion of group effectivity, as individuals often produce more ideas when working alone.

Question 9

Transactive memory:

Accepted Answer

Transactive memory is a concept that refers to the shared memory system in a group, where individuals in the group know different things but can rely on one another to access information, effectively creating a shared store of knowledge.

Question 10

Why are justice and fairness important qualities in a leader?

Accepted Answer

Justice and fairness are crucial for building trust between leaders and followers, ensuring that followers feel valued and respected, which is essential for effective leadership.

Question 11

Within the context of leadership, social dilemmas are conceptualised as:

Accepted Answer

Social dilemmas in leadership contexts are typically understood as crises of trust among group members, where individuals face the temptation of pursuing short-term personal gains at the expense of the long-term benefits of the group. This definition emphasizes the conflict between individual self-interest and collective well-being.

Question 12

'Unanimity', 'first shift', 'truth wins' and 'majority wins' are examples of:

Accepted Answer

These are examples of social decision schemes, which are methods or rules a group might use to make collective decisions. "Unanimity" requires all members to agree, "first shift" refers to the group deciding after the first change in opinion, "truth wins" involves the group adopting a decision if it is proven to be correct, and "majority wins" means the decision supported by the majority is chosen.

Question 13

Common rules for group decision making differ in their degree of:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Common rules for group decision making differ...

Question 14

Tina and Thomas work for different advertising agencies. In developing new projects, Tina's firm favours brainstorming in a group, whereas Thomas works for a firm that favours individual work. Tina is more likely to:

Accepted Answer

Tina's firm favors brainstorming in a group, which suggests a belief in the creative synergy of group work. Therefore, Tina is more likely to feel that she is more creative in a group setting, as this method is preferred by her firm.

Question 15

Research on group remembering shows that groups are better at remembering simple tasks than complex tasks. A likely explanation of this is in terms of:

Accepted Answer

Process loss refers to the inefficiency in group processes that can lead to poorer performance compared to individual efforts, especially in complex tasks where coordination and integration of information are more challenging.

Question 16

Val is doing a 'house makeover' and right now is brainstorming with a group of friends about how to change her lounge and kitchen. At first the ideas are flying, but soon they dry up and sound more and more boring. Val and her friends are victims of:

Accepted Answer

Production blocking occurs in brainstorming sessions when the group's output is inhibited because only one person can speak at a time, leading to a bottleneck in idea generation.

Question 17

A brainstorming group can show inferior performance when compared to individual effort. Which of the following is NOT a factor that can explain this?

Accepted Answer

Distraction is not typically considered a factor specific to brainstorming group performance issues, whereas production blocking, social loafing, and production matching are recognized factors that can hinder group brainstorming effectiveness.

Question 18

When social identity theory is applied to leadership:

Accepted Answer

Social identity theory suggests that leaders who are perceived as embodying the characteristics, values, and norms of the group (i.e., being prototypical of the group) are more likely to be effective and accepted by group members. This is because such leaders are seen as better representatives of the group's identity and interests.

Question 19

Within the psychology department at a university, there is a large volume of information that needs to be remembered, relating to a whole manner of different things (e.g., research, post-graduate supervision, undergraduate teaching, equipment and administrative matters). This is too much information for one individual to remember. Instead, certain individuals are formally responsible for particular domains (e.g., research) but everyone in the department is able to remember who is responsible for each domain. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

This scenario is an example of transactive memory, where a group collectively encodes, stores, and retrieves knowledge. Each member knows different information, but together they can access a wider range of information by knowing who is responsible for what domain.

Question 20

Clark and Stephenson (1989) investigated the accuracy of their participants' recall of police testimony collected through questioning a rape victim. Compared to individuals, groups of four people at a time:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Clark and Stephenson (1989) investigated the accuracy...

Quiz 9: Leadership and Group Decision Making