Question 1

Recent research suggests that the damaging consequences of stereotype threats may be reduced

Accepted Answer

Recent research suggests that both options A and B can reduce the damaging consequences of stereotype threats. By convincing individuals that intelligence can be improved through hard work, they may feel empowered and less discouraged by negative stereotypes. Reminding individuals that negative stereotypes don't apply to everyone may also alleviate the pressure of fulfilling negative expectations. Thus, a combination of options A and B can potentially mitigate the negative impacts of stereotype threats. Option C, reminding individuals that their performance will reflect on their entire group, may actually increase anxiety and pressure, exacerbating the effects of stereotype threats.

Question 2

In a study by Steele and Aronson (1995)demonstrating the effects of stereotype threat,African-American students performed

Accepted Answer

The study found that African-American students performed worse on a verbal section of the Graduate Record Exam when race was made salient, demonstrating the effects of stereotype threat. This suggests that the awareness of negative stereotypes about their racial group negatively impacted their performance on the test.

Question 3

Li Fong is a male Chinese student who is very good in math and is about to take a math exam.While completing last minute preparations for the exam,he overhears a comment from another student about how good Chinese students are at math.Li Fong's performance should be

Accepted Answer

Li Fong's performance should be unaffected by stereotype threat because he is the one who belongs to the group being stereotyped. Ingroup bias does not apply in this situation as Li Fong only heard a comment and did not necessarily identify with the student who made the comment.

Question 4

Ingroup bias is

Accepted Answer

Ingroup bias is a cross-cultural feature of human social life, which means it occurs in all cultures and societies. It is not limited to situations in which groups must compete for resources, nor is it found mostly in less developed nations. In fact, ingroup bias has been studied extensively in modern Western societies and has been found to exist in both traditional and contemporary societies around the world. It is also not a phenomenon that has become a problem only in recent centuries, as it has likely been present in human societies for thousands of years.

Question 5

The textbook lists each of the following as goals of prejudice,stereotyping and discrimination EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

The other options (B, C, and D) are all listed in the textbook as goals of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination, but the goal of being accurate is not specifically mentioned. In fact, research has shown that stereotypes and prejudices can often be inaccurate and based on faulty information.

Question 6

Reducing in one's mind the relevance of a particular domain to one's self-esteem is called ________ and may occur as a result of ________.

Accepted Answer

Disidentification is the process of distancing oneself from a particular domain in order to protect one's self-esteem from potential failure or rejection. This can occur as a result of stereotype threat, which is the fear that one's behavior will confirm a negative stereotype about one's group. By disidentifying with the domain, individuals can protect their self-esteem even if they do not perform well, as the domain is no longer seen as relevant to their identity.

Question 7

Which of the following theories best explains the hostility that members of rival universities in the same sports conference often feel for each other?

Accepted Answer

Realistic group conflict theory suggests that intergroup hostility arises from competition over limited resources, such as status, territory, or rewards. In the case of rival universities in the same sports conference, they are competing for the same championships, rankings, and fan bases, and may view each other as threats to their own success and identity. This can lead to prejudice, discrimination, and aggression towards the out-group, and cohesiveness and support for the in-group.

Question 8

Realistic group conflict theory is discussed in the text as related to which of the following motives for prejudice and stereotyping?

Accepted Answer

Realistic group conflict theory suggests that prejudice and stereotyping may arise when groups are in competition for limited resources or opportunities. In this context, individuals may engage in behaviors aimed at supporting and protecting their own group at the expense of others.

Question 9

When members of a group believe that the majority thinks them inferior in terms of a particular skill or ability,the minority members may

Accepted Answer

When minority members believe that they are perceived as inferior by the majority in a particular skill or ability, they may reduce the importance of the skill/ability (option A) or disidentify with it (option B). This can lead to a decrement in performance with respect to the skill/ability (option C), as the minority members may perceive the skill/ability as not relevant or not worth pursuing. Therefore, all of the given options are correct.

Question 10

According to the text,the tendency to benefit members of our own groups over members of other groups

Accepted Answer

The text states that the tendency to benefit members of our own groups over members of other groups may stem from the human tendency to desire the survival of their genes, indicating that it is related to the maintenance of genetic information. The text does not suggest that this tendency was less common in small communities or that it is limited to individualistic cultures. The text also mentions that benefiting ingroup members who are relatives is one example of this tendency, but this does not negate the broader phenomenon.

Question 11

Research using the minimal intergroup paradigm has shown that people

Accepted Answer

Research using the minimal intergroup paradigm has shown that even when groups are defined in an arbitrary fashion, people are likely to exhibit ingroup bias. This is because people have a tendency to identify with a group and feel a sense of loyalty and preference towards it. Therefore, even when there is no meaningful difference between groups, people tend to show bias towards their own group.

Question 12

The notion of "stereotype threat" is discussed in the text with relation to findings that

Accepted Answer

The text discusses how stereotype threat can negatively impact academic performance, specifically how black students may do worse on exams if their race is made salient. This is an example of stereotype threat. The other answer choices do not directly relate to the discussion of stereotype threat in the text.

Question 13

Consider the following findings.Women perform relatively poorly on math tests when gender is made salient and white men perform relatively poorly on athletic tasks when they think they are related to "natural ability." To which of the following concepts are both of these findings related?

Accepted Answer

Both of these findings are related to stereotype threat, which is the phenomenon where individuals perform worse on tasks when they are aware of negative stereotypes associated with their group. In the case of women and math tests, the stereotype is that women are not as good at math as men, so when gender is made salient, women may feel anxious and perform worse. In the case of white men and athletic tasks, the stereotype is that natural ability (which is often associated with athleticism) is something that is more common in non-white individuals, so white men may also feel anxious and perform worse when they believe that their success is based on natural ability.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT discussed in the text as a reason for the emergence of negative prejudices and stereotypes?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is NOT discussed...

Question 15

David is the only non-Asian person in his math class,and he is afraid that he will confirm the stereotype that Caucasian Americans perform worse than Asian Americans on math tasks.According to the concept of stereotype threat,which of the following is most likely to happen?

Accepted Answer

The concept of stereotype threat suggests that when individuals from traditionally marginalized groups are aware of negative stereotypes about their group, they may feel pressure to disprove the stereotype, which can in turn undermine their performance. In this case, David's concern over confirming the stereotype that Caucasian Americans perform worse than Asian Americans on math tasks is likely to impede his performance, leading him to perform worse than his classmates.

Question 16

Which of the following is an established cost of discrimination in the United States?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is an established...

Question 17

The tendency to benefit members of one's own group over members of other groups is known as

Accepted Answer

Ingroup bias refers to favoring individuals who are part of one's own group over those who belong to different groups. This bias can be seen in various contexts, such as in-group members receiving preferential treatment or being evaluated more positively than out-group members. The other options (B, C, and D) are either incorrect or not as applicable to this phenomenon.

Question 18

Suppose that a white couple and a Hispanic couple are both looking for a house.According to research,which of the following is likely to happen?

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that white couples are more likely to be informed of more available housing options, while ethnic minorities receive fewer options. This is known as housing discrimination. Therefore, the white couple is more likely to be informed of more houses. None of the other options necessarily have empirical evidence to support them.

Question 19

In a study investigating the tangible costs of discrimination,researchers studied the audition techniques and hiring decisions of 11 major orchestras as a function of how applicants were auditioned.They found that

Accepted Answer

Concealed auditions, where the identity of the performer is hidden from the judges, have been shown to significantly increase the chances of female musicians being selected, as it reduces bias based on gender.

Question 20

In gym class,Emily is randomly assigned to the "Hawks" group,which plays on the basketball court while the "Wolves" group plays on the baseball field.Later,Emily gives cookies to other Hawks but not to any Wolves.This is an example of

Accepted Answer

Emily's behavior of giving cookies only to her own group (the Hawks) and not to the other group (the Wolves) is an example of ingroup bias, which is a tendency to favor one's own group over the outgroup. This bias can occur even in the absence of any meaningful differences between the groups, such as in this minimal intergroup intervention in gym class where the only difference was the assigned group name.

Quiz 11: Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination