Question 1

Which of the following would be the LEAST effective strategy for reducing intergroup conflict?

Accepted Answer

Activating the goal to make judgments quickly could increase stereotyping and prejudice, leading to more intergroup conflict. The other three choices could reduce intergroup conflict by decreasing anxiety, increasing self-worth, and promoting egalitarian values.

Question 2

What does the text suggest about reducing prejudice using interventions based on the ignorance hypothesis and the goal-based approach?

Accepted Answer

Interventions based on the goal-based approach are considered more effective because they address underlying motivations and goals that contribute to prejudice, rather than just focusing on lack of knowledge or misinformation as the ignorance hypothesis does.

Question 3

Which of the following techniques is LEAST likely to reduce intergroup prejudice?

Accepted Answer

Giving persons factual information about the other group has been shown to be the least effective in reducing intergroup prejudice. This is because individuals may reject or selectively attend to information that contradicts their current beliefs and attitudes about the other group. The other options have been found to be more effective in promoting positive attitudes and reducing prejudice.

Question 4

People can hold positive stereotypes for groups against whom they are negatively prejudiced.

Accepted Answer

It is possible for individuals to hold both positive stereotypes and negative prejudices towards the same group. For example, someone may hold a positive stereotype that all Asians are good at math but also hold a negative prejudice that they are untrustworthy.

Question 5

The goal-based approach suggests that one effective strategy for reducing prejudice is to

Accepted Answer

The goal-based approach suggests that activating goals that are incompatible with prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination, such as the goal of fairness or equality, can reduce prejudice. This is because activating these goals can change a person's motivation to think about and interact with others in a more positive way, thereby decreasing prejudice. The other options are not supported by the goal-based approach as effective strategies for reducing prejudice.

Question 6

In Simon and Greenberg's (1996)study,participants worked on a group project with an African-American confederate and then read an ethnic slur about him,supposedly written by another subject.What was observed when participants evaluated their confederates?

Accepted Answer

In Simon and Greenberg's study, evaluations by anti-black participants became significantly more negative after hearing the ethnic slur. Evaluations by pro-black participants remained unchanged and evaluations by ambivalent participants showed no significant change.

Question 7

How did Sherif and colleagues reduce intergroup hostilities in the famous "Robber's Cave" study?

Accepted Answer

Sherif and colleagues reduced intergroup hostilities in the "Robber's Cave" study by introducing cooperative tasks. The researchers initially created competition between two groups of boys at a summer camp, which resulted in hostility and prejudice towards the outgroup. However, when cooperative tasks were introduced, the groups worked together and developed positive attitudes towards each other, reducing intergroup tensions.

Question 8

Cooperation between members of different groups has been shown to be

Accepted Answer

Cooperation between members of different groups has been shown to be an effective way to reduce prejudice, because it motivates people to be accurate in their understanding of outgroup members. This is known as the contact hypothesis, which suggests that contact between members of different groups can reduce prejudice and intergroup bias if certain conditions are met, including equal status, common goals, and cooperation. When individuals work together towards a common goal, they see each other in a more nuanced and complex way, which can break down stereotypes and reduce prejudice.

Question 9

Which of the following is FALSE regarding students in cooperative classrooms?

Accepted Answer

Although cooperative classrooms aim to promote equality and discourage discrimination, some studies have found that students tend to self-segregate based on similarities such as gender and ethnicity. This can result in reduced opportunities for cross-cultural interaction and collaboration.

Question 10

Complex situations and time pressure ________ stereotyping by ________.

Accepted Answer

Complex situations and time pressure increase stereotyping by limiting the attentional capacity. This happens because under stress or time constraints, individuals are more likely to rely on simple and often inaccurate generalizations (stereotypes) rather than processing information in a more detailed and accurate manner.

Question 11

All of the following conditions are necessary in order for contact between members of two groups to reduce intergroup prejudice EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

Contact between groups does not necessarily have to be at the institutional level in order to reduce intergroup prejudice. The other three conditions - equal status, rewarding contact, and common goal - are all necessary for reducing intergroup prejudice through contact.

Question 12

Stereotype threat is experienced only by females.

Accepted Answer

Stereotype threat can be experienced by any individual who belongs to a group that is negatively stereotyped. This includes both females and males, as well as individuals from different ethnic or racial backgrounds, ages, sexual orientations, and other social categories.

Question 13

In a study by Fein and Spencer (1997),participants who had unfavorable stereotypes of Jewish females were asked to evaluate a female job applicant who was presented as either Jewish American or Italian American.Participants were LESS likely to discriminate against the Jewish applicant in their evaluations if

Accepted Answer

Writing about things important to them likely increased the participants' self-affirmation, reducing their need to derogate others to boost their self-esteem, thus decreasing discrimination.

Question 14

The ________ approach to classroom learning designed by Aronson and his colleagues takes advantage of the six principles of effective contact between groups.

Accepted Answer

The jigsaw approach to classroom learning, developed by Aronson and his colleagues, is based on six principles of effective contact between groups. It involves breaking students into small groups to work together to master a specific topic or skill, with each member responsible for a specific piece of information. This approach encourages cooperation and communication among students, and has been shown to be effective in promoting positive attitudes towards diverse groups and improving academic performance.

Question 15

A teacher assigns children of different racial groups to work together on a world history project.The Italian child,the Bulgarian child,the Chinese child,and the Mexican child are each responsible for teaching the others about the country where their parents were born.The teacher is trying to reduce prejudice through her familiarity with research on

Accepted Answer

The teacher is using the contact hypothesis, which states that promoting contact between different groups can reduce prejudice and improve intergroup relations. By assigning children of different racial backgrounds to work together, the teacher is creating opportunities for positive interactions and mutual learning among the students, which can help to break down stereotypes and promote empathy and understanding. The other options are not relevant in this context.

Question 16

A study by Fein and Spencer (1997)demonstrated that participants who had unfavorable stereotypes of Jewish people were LESS likely to discriminate against a Jewish applicant in their evaluations if,before making their evaluations,they were asked to write about things important to them.Which of the following approaches to reducing prejudice does this finding support?

Accepted Answer

The goal-based approach suggests that affirming one's self-worth can reduce the need to derogate others, thus reducing prejudice.

Question 17

Contact between members of two different groups is successful in reducing intergroup prejudice and hostilities only when

Accepted Answer

All the options listed are recognized strategies for reducing intergroup prejudice and hostilities. Violating negative stereotypes, rewarding interactions, and working toward a common goal are all effective methods for improving relations between groups.

Question 18

The ignorance hypothesis states that if people only learned what members of other groups are truly like,they wouldn't stereotype,be prejudiced,or discriminate against them.Research based on this idea has shown that

Accepted Answer

The ignorance hypothesis suggests that knowledge about other groups can reduce prejudice, but research has shown that merely putting people together or just providing facts about other groups is insufficient to significantly reduce intergroup hostility. Effective reduction in prejudice and discrimination often requires more structured and positive interactions between groups.

Question 19

In the study by Rokeach (1971),when white students confronted the discrepancy between their negative prejudices and their value of equality,they

Accepted Answer

The study found that when white students were made aware of the inconsistency between their prejudices and their value of equality, they were more likely to take positive actions, such as joining the NAACP, to align their behaviors with their values.

Question 20

Individuals exhibit stronger ingroup bias when they identify strongly with their group.

Accepted Answer

This statement is supported by research on social identity theory, which suggests that individuals are more likely to exhibit bias towards their ingroup when they strongly identify with it. This can lead to favoritism towards ingroup members and discrimination against outgroup members.

Quiz 11: Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination