Question 1

_________ is considered to be the "father of Black American psychology."

Accepted Answer

Francis Cecil Sumner is considered the "father of Black American psychology" as he was the first African American to receive a Ph.D. in psychology.

Question 2

Which of the following groups is overrepresented as participants in psychological research?

Accepted Answer

College students are often overrepresented in psychological research because they are readily available and accessible to researchers, especially in university settings.

Question 3

A threat to external validity caused by an experimental situation that alters participants' behavior, regardless of the independent variable involved, is known as

Accepted Answer

Reactive arrangements refer to the changes in participants' behavior due to the experimental setting itself, which can threaten the external validity of the study.

Question 4

Early social psychologists were _______ likely to use diverse populations in their research compared to current social psychologists.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Early social psychologists were _______ likely to...

Question 5

When a treatment effect is found only for a specific sample of participants, it is referred to as a(n)

Accepted Answer

An interaction of selection and treatment occurs when the effect of a treatment is only observed in a specific sample, suggesting that the sample's characteristics interact with the treatment.

Question 6

A researcher does a study on a new therapy to treat anxiety. All of her participants are men; it turns out the therapy is not effective with women. This example illustrates which of the following threats to external validity?

Accepted Answer

The study's results may not generalize to women because the sample only included men, illustrating an interaction of selection and treatment.

Question 7

Reactive arrangements tend to ________ demand characteristics.

Accepted Answer

Reactive arrangements tend to increase demand characteristics because they can influence participants' behavior by making them aware that they are being observed or evaluated, which can lead to changes in their responses.

Question 8

Early psychological theories tended to focus primarily on

Accepted Answer

Early psychological theories often focused primarily on men, as many early psychologists were male and societal norms of the time often marginalized women's experiences.

Question 9

What is comparative psychology?

Accepted Answer

Comparative psychology is the branch of psychology that studies the similarities and differences in behavior across different species, often to understand the evolutionary and adaptive significance of behavior.

Question 10

The extensive use of white rats in research represents a potential problem with ________ validity

Accepted Answer

The use of white rats may limit the generalizability of research findings to other species or contexts, affecting external validity.

Question 11

The threat of a(n) _______________ becomes greater as it becomes more difficult to find participants because the participants that the researcher does find are likely to be unique and not representative of the population.

Accepted Answer

The interaction of selection and treatment threat occurs when the participants selected for a study are not representative of the population, which can happen when it's difficult to find participants, leading to unique and non-representative samples.

Question 12

Features from the experiment that inadvertently lead participants to respond in a particular manner are known as

Accepted Answer

Demand characteristics refer to cues or signals in an experiment that might inform participants of the expected behavior, thereby influencing their responses.

Question 13

Which of the following are differences between college students and the general population, according to Sears (1986)?

Accepted Answer

College students and the general population differ in learning processes, the stability of attitudes, and memory processes.

Question 14

Because the laboratory is such an artificial environment, it is sometimes referred to as a(n)

Accepted Answer

A reactive arrangement refers to the artificial nature of a laboratory setting, which can influence participants' behavior and affect the generalizability of the results.

Question 15

What is multiple-treatment interference?

Accepted Answer

Multiple-treatment interference is a threat to external validity that occurs when the effects of multiple treatments are not independent, meaning the results may not generalize beyond the specific combination of treatments used in the experiment.

Question 16

Psychologists often use college students enrolled in introductory psychology courses as participants. This is referred to as a

Accepted Answer

A convenience sample is a group of participants selected based on their easy availability and proximity to the researcher, such as college students in psychology courses.

Question 17

Sears (1986) argued that research findings that have only been tested in college students may not generalize to other populations, which is referred to as a __________ problem.

Accepted Answer

Sears (1986) highlighted the issue of selection-treatment interaction, which occurs when research findings based on a specific group (like college students) may not apply to other groups due to differences in characteristics between the groups.

Question 18

Ebbinghaus's research in which he memorized large numbers of nonsense syllables was not applicable to people who learned small numbers of nonsense syllables. Ebbinghaus's research represents

Accepted Answer

The answer of Ebbinghaus's research in which he memorized large...

Question 19

Which of the following animal species is overrepresented in psychological research?

Accepted Answer

Rats are commonly used in psychological research due to their availability, ease of handling, and physiological similarities to humans, making them overrepresented compared to other species.

Question 20

Reactive arrangements tend to __________ external validity.

Accepted Answer

Reactive arrangements can decrease external validity because they may cause participants to behave differently than they would in a natural setting, thus affecting the generalizability of the results.

Quiz 8: Internal and External Validity