Quiz 12: Things Fall Apart: a Continent in Crisis, 1600-1640

Which of the following statements accurately describes the actions of many European monarchs and ministers during the period 1600-1640? A) They began to accept religious differences in their territories. B) They sought new ways to cooperate with traditional institutions and elites to control their power. C) They began to decrease the amount of violence and political conflict. D) They began to stop investing so much of their money in warfare. E) They did away with archaic ideas from the 1500s known as absolutism and the nation-state.

Which of the following statements describes the human toll from the Thirty Years' War? A) It prevented any antagonism between civilians and soldiers. B) It was caused largely by the Little Ice Age. C) It was consistent with the number of casualties of past wars. D) It was greater than that during World War II considering population size. E) It was fabricated by the press to arouse sympathy for the countries that lost.

What was the primary historical significance of London's "Frost Fair" in 1622? A) its annual crowds B) the low price for ice C) the boom in coat prices D) the onset of a change in climate E) the effect on the wool trade

Peter Bruegel's Hunter in the Snow (1565) illustrates A) how villagers coped with the harsh realities of the Little Ice Age. B) the harsh divisions within villages. C) different hunting techniques. D) medieval gender distinctions. E) traditional religious themes in art.

Which of the following occurred because most arable land was already under cultivation in central and eastern Europe by 1600? A) Large landowners divided their holdings among their tenants. B) Magnates in these areas imitated the Dutch by reclaiming land from lakes and marshes. C) Many landowners drove peasant small-holders off their land and into serfdom. D) Harvest yields reached new heights and were profitable. E) For many years, there was no longer a need for innovation in farming practices in this area.

Privateers were A) people who worked as entrepreneurs. B) people who resisted government regulations. C) ships chartered to engage in piracy against a country's enemies. D) lawyers who helped companies remain in private hands. E) actors who participated in a popular theater troupe.

What was one of the primary ways the Dutch Republic managed to become the most economically successful during the early seventeenth century? A) by declaring the Dutch government's independence from Spain B) by decreasing the number of people whose occupation was domestic service C) by coming closer to creating a stable currency through the establishment of the Bank of Amsterdam D) by using only small amounts of energy for agriculture and manufacturing E) by ending rural development and instead focusing only on urban development

The "Triangle Trade" involved the transport of which of the following? A) primitive musical instruments to Africa and North America B) cotton from Europe to Africa and North America C) exotic fruits from South America to Europe and North America D) enslaved Africans to the Americas E) large amounts of sulfur to the New World

Of the earliest colonies in North America founded by European powers, the only survivor was A) Roanoke. B) St.Augustine. C) Jamestown. D) Providence Island. E) Eriksonburgh.

Which of the following correctly describes the East India Companies of England and the Netherlands? A) They led the way in early exploration of the New World. B) They were primarily engaged in the slave trade. C) They are remembered for their performances of Shakespeare. D) They formed early business partnerships. E) They were groups of merchants joining together to share the risk of long-distance trade.

Mercantilism was rooted in the belief that A) the world's resources were finite. B) merchants were the basis of economic success. C) a global trading system benefited all nations. D) cooperation in the marketplace was the surest way to prosperity. E) all monopoly companies stifle economic growth.

By 1600, European Expansion created trading routes to A) most of North America. B) Africa, India, Southeast Asia, South America, and China. C) Massachusetts and Virginia. D) the Pacific. E) Alaska.

In what way were European settlers' interactions with natives in Spanish and Portuguese colonies unique from those in North America? A) More Europeans and natives in Spanish and Portuguese colonies intermarried. B) Spanish and Portuguese colonies had much smaller indigenous populations. C) Spanish and Portuguese colonies were temporary and did not have a lasting impact on the population. D) In Spanish and Portuguese colonies, European settlers far outnumbered the natives. E) Spanish and Portuguese colonies did not participate in the Triangle Trade, resulting in less conflict with natives.

In 1609, the Dutch East India ship the Half Moon claimed a fur-trading area known as New A) Rotterdam. B) Delft. C) Hudson. D) Dutch. E) Netherland.

By 1650 the Massachusetts Bay Colony emerged as a A) group of over fifty towns that dwarfed the other European settlements in North America. B) city that relied only on European imports for food. C) Puritan settlement with a population that was greatly outnumbered by Native Americans. D) place where freedom and moral laxity prevailed. E) military power of the time.

What did the seal of the Massachusetts Bay Colony demonstrate about the settlers' interactions with Native Americans? A) Soon after the colony's founding, most members of the colony had learned the native language and practiced Native American customs in their daily lives. B) Native Americans had managed to take control of the colony, and most settlers returned to England. C) The English Protestants did not have as high of expectations as the French and Spanish colonies in converting the Native Americans. D) The English Protestants of the colony sought to evangelize the Native American tribes. E) Following their collaboration with the Native Americans in times of war, the colony began to adopt Native American religious practices.

What was the "venality of office" in the French state? A) the tendency to tax high governmental offices more heavily B) the exercise of seeking out revenue from new sources in other countries C) the practice of selling high offices, such as judgeships, in the parlements D) the introduction of women's right to own property and inherit offices E) the movement to allow commoners to hold lower-level offices in the government

What was the Holy Roman Empire's primary weakness? A) a series of poor emperors B) the divisions between Germans and Austrians C) its small size D) the existence of over 1,000 administrative units E) a lack of Spanish support

Which of the following statements about the "Politique" party in France is true? A) They placed individual interests above all others. B) They prized national unity and peace above religion. C) They advocated absolute royal power. D) They pushed for the elimination of heresy. E) They created the first strictly Catholic movement since the Thirty Years' War.

Which of the following statements correctly describes changing social dynamic between elites and commoners? A) The cultural gulf between elites and commoners became much smaller. B) Religious authorities sought to "reform" the cultural practices of ordinary people. C) Both the elites and commoners led missionary efforts, which were aimed strictly at Native Americans. D) Many minority languages disappeared due to increased contact between elites and commoners. E) Whereas elites and commoners rarely crossed paths before, they now both began attending local festivals.

Charivari was a ritual intended to A) humiliate community members who violated social norms. B) allow women to have temporary authority over their husbands. C) give clerics a chance to behave in an uninhibited manner. D) prepare missionaries for their travels abroad. E) glamorize alcohol consumption.

Which of the following statements describes Roman Catholic evangelizing missions after 1600? A) They focused on female literacy. B) They were led by nuns. C) They rejected free will. D) They encouraged the reading of scripture by ordinary people. E) They pushed for a simpler faith.

Which of the following statements describes Philip III's expulsion of the Moriscos to North Africa? A) It started the Inquisition. B) It was a relief to the Jewish community. C) It was motivated by the fear of anything that deviated from Catholic orthodoxy. D) It affected only Muslims. E) It led to the rise of the Islamic faith in Spain.

How did Protestant beliefs benefit girls and women? A) by encouraging primary education and literacy for both sexes B) by encouraging liberating attitudes toward sexuality C) by limiting the emphasis on marriage D) by reducing the number of witch trials E) by giving them opportunities to hold political offices

The fact that both Protestant and Catholic populations had deeper religious knowledge than in earlier periods meant that A) religious strife diminished in the 1600s. B) both sides sought compromise and common ground. C) religious militancy and fanaticism increased. D) religion's influence on politics disappeared for nearly a decade. E) the eastern part of the Continent became much more stable.

Which of the following statements is true of the Ottoman Empire in the years after 1600? A) It was renowned for its stability and orderly succession. B) It repeatedly was defeated by Christian powers. C) It was far more stable than Muscovy. D) It was no longer considered an eastern power. E) It managed to develop an efficient system of government administration.

Which of the following do Henry IV's many achievements include? A) making urban improvements in Paris B) developing a humanist "third way" C) ruling without relying on ministers D) leaving a powerful son to succeed him E) instituting the "Golden Freedoms"

What took place during the Defenestration of Prague, which in turn helped lead to the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War? A) Ferdinand began persecuting Catholics and expelled them from his lands. B) The Spanish Empire increased the number of Inquisition courts in Bohemia. C) Protestant deputies from the Estates of Bohemia attacked Catholics in Ferdinand's "regency council." D) King Sigismund III successfully united Sweden and Poland. E) The Spanish Habsburgs attacked Bohemia and forced Ferdinand to step down as king.

The Thirty Years' War began with A) the battle of White Mountain. B) a series of major Habsburg losses. C) the end of the Ottoman Empire. D) the Petition of Right. E) the expulsion of the Moriscos.

Which of the following was a result of the 1629 Edict of Restitution? A) It helped rally Protestant support. B) It restored all property that had come into Protestant hands to the Catholic Church. C) It allowed Roman Catholics to worship in their former churches. D) It offered restitution to the emperor of all powers ceded to the aristocracy. E) It gave Protestants control of most major cities.

Which of the following was a result of the Thirty Years' War? A) a gradual rise in the population B) a dramatic drop in the population C) the growing prominence of relatively small mercenary groups D) regular pay for soldiers E) the establishment of the German city of Magdeburg as a center of commerce

The unprecedented size and scale of fighting forces between 1618 and 1648 meant that A) military discipline was treated as paramount. B) plunder was outlawed and punished. C) soldiers systematically stole goods in order to survive. D) camp followers, such as wives and children, were strictly limited. E) armies were well supplied.

Which of the following statements correctly describes the breaks with precedent following the Thirty Years' War? A) Breaks with precedent were equally prevalent across eastern and western Europe. B) The rising middle class took control of the government in most eastern countries. C) Monarchs were more reluctant to anger aristocrats than ever before in European history. D) Monarchs became far more reliant on the influence of estates and parliaments. E) Many monarchs began to take on absolute sovereignty.

One common attribute of the powerful ministers in the major states of western Europe was their A) lack of an education compared to the king and queen. B) position as magnates of the church. C) tendency to question royal authority. D) ability to maintain their position from one reign to the next. E) recognition that royal power was constructed by display such as architecture and art.

Richelieu, Olivares, and Oxenstierna each held similar positions but in different parts of western Europe.Who were they? A) royal ministers B) war generals C) Baroque artists D) astronomers of the Scientific Revolution E) slave traders

Which of the following was an exception to the continental pattern of government in that it had provinces with a great deal of autonomy and a powerful representative governing body? A) France B) the Dutch Republic C) Spain D) Germany E) Poland

In Great Britain, the Petition of Right was a response to A) the king's commitment to the constitution. B) Parliament's cooperation with the king. C) a power struggle between the king and Parliament. D) the petitioning power of everyday people. E) the end of the Scientific Revolution.

Charles I of England was A) forceful and outgoing. B) prone to absolutist models of government. C) wary of levying taxes without parliamentary consent. D) collaborative with Parliament. E) disinterested in the rise of Baroque art.

Which of the following statements is true of royal patronage of the arts after 1600? A) It dwarfed earlier commissions in size and expense. B) It was the direct cause of all important works of the time period. C) It marked the end of Baroque art in the 1500s. D) It neglected religious subject matter and imagery entirely. E) It largely disappeared.

Which of the following statements is true of the Baroque art of the post-Reformation Catholic Church? A) It was starkly rational. B) It was characterized by subtlety of composition. C) It did not include sculptures, only paintings. D) It introduced abstraction. E) It appealed to the senses.

Why was Cervantes's Don Quixote significant? A) It was a classical novel made popular again in the seventeenth century. B) It was a stage drama commissioned by the state. C) It was quickly condemned by the Catholic Church. D) It popularized a way of speaking previously only used by elites. E) It helped establish the importance of literature in the vernacular.

Which of the following statements describes the state of books in the Netherlands and elsewhere? A) They, along with a wide range of other printed materials, were most abundant In the countryside. B) They were limited to intellectuals and aristocrats. C) They served as common signs of prosperity for merchants and professionals. D) They, along with a market for them, were practically nonexistent. E) They were largely available in the form of scrolls.

Which of the following statements describes what Galileo, Francis Bacon, and Hugo Grotius had in common? A) They were all devout Protestants. B) They served the same great European monarch. C) They sought to dismantle the Republic of Letters. D) They spent time in prison. E) Their discoveries were strongly at odds with the "New Philosophy."

Which of the following describes the Republic of Letters? A) It did not allow contributions from women. B) It defended principles of open inquiry even in the face of authority. C) It was free from corruption. D) It was restricted to Great Britain. E) It was dominated by kings.

Galileo's observations confirmed A) Copernicus's theory of the planets' revolving around the sun. B) Ptolemy's theory of the planets' revolving around Earth. C) the pure surface of the sun. D) the end of vernacular languages. E) the circular nature of planetary orbits.

Which of the following figures argued that planets move around the sun in elliptical orbits, which in turn helped suggest that Earth and the universe shared basic laws? A) Tycho Brahe B) Galileo C) Johannes Kepler D) Copernicus E) Voltaire

Why did the Inquisition condemn Galileo? A) He defended the idea of a sun-centered universe. B) He was unable to demonstrate his theories. C) He rejected the findings of Johannes Kepler. D) He was a Protestant. E) He accepted bribes from government officials.

Francis Bacon's Novum Organum argued that A) Copernicus's theories were scientifically unsound. B) one should always accept ancient authority. C) the Inquisition was the main cause of the Scientific Revolution. D) dualism is the main tenet of science. E) empirical methods are crucially important.

According to Descartes's understanding of dualism, what are the two basic substances of the universe? A) mind and matter B) protons and electrons C) planets and the sun D) politics and religion E) science and culture

In Discourse on Method, René Descartes used a mathematical model to A) create modern calculus. B) discover the existence of sunspots on the sun. C) invert Bacon's ideas about deriving principles from observed facts. D) demonstrate the need for God to remain highly involved in the universe. E) invent the first powerful telescope.

At the turn of the seventeenth century, the European continent experienced a slump in trade.

In the seventeenth century, the presence of the Portuguese and Spanish in Central and South America greatly diminished.

King James I was an enthusiastic supporter of Virginia Colony's tobacco trade.

The sack of Magdeburg was one of the worst massacres of the Thirty Years' War.

After 1600, it became increasingly popular for portraits to depict men and women holding books.

Charles I demanded that Parliament accept the Petition of Right.

The Medici patronage of Galileo guaranteed his freedom from arrest.

By the mid-seventeenth century, the "composite monarchies" of Europe had begun to be replaced by cohesive nations.

The Dutch used more energy per capita than any other people in Europe.

Charles I's levying of ship money severely reduced the strength of his fleet.

Intendants were agents sent by the French monarchy with the capacity to serve, counsel, and judge as representatives of the king.

In Muscovy, seigniorial lords had the power to tax, judge, and punish their serfs.

The Dutch fleet of 2,500 ships comprised over half of all European shipping.

Sugar in the "triangle trade" predominantly came from Europe.

Absolutism was the political trend in which a monarch was considered to have complete and indivisible sovereignty.

What were some of the conflicts that led to the Thirty Years' War?

Why was the Republic of Letters such an important development in the late 1500s?

Discuss the consequences of the Little Ice Age.

How did the role of patronage change in the seventeenth century?

What were some ways that more centralized nation-states began to develop in Europe?

How can you explain the shift in economic strength from the Mediterranean to northern Europe after 1600?

How and why did Africa get roped into the "triangle trade"?

Provide an overview of the order in which various colonies in the New World were established.What were some ways the colonies were different from one another, such as through their approach to missionary work?

How did the ideas of Sir Francis Bacon contribute to the survival of Galileo's theories and the Scientific Revolution?

What factors contributed to the devastation of the Thirty Years' War?