Quiz 14: From Court to City: Emerging Cultures, 1680-1740

Marta Skawronska was a Latvian maid who later became famous A) as a published novelist and owner of a salon. B) for being a key leader in the fight for Latvian independence. C) for ruling the largest empire of the time as Tsarina Catherine I. D) for signing an affidavit that she was joining a convent against her will. E) as a ballerina on the Russian stage.

Peter the Great's new city was designed using A) lessons learned from the Dutch. B) primarily wooden timber frames. C) elevated foundations. D) rubber from his colonies in the New World. E) extravagant domes modeled after those in Moscow.

Who organized initiatives such as trash collections and police forces to make St.Petersburg an orderly, clean, and healthy city? A) Antonio de Vieira B) the Duke of Savoy C) Tsar Alexei I D) King Frederick William I E) Dmitri Peters

Absolutist states idealized the notion of A) a tyrannical government that made revolution impossible. B) decreasing taxes and limiting serfdom. C) small republics rather than monarchies. D) a return to religion and a movement away from scientific thought. E) a well-ordered police state relying on reason and managed by central authority.

The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 A) gave the new Parliament sovereignty over the kingdom. B) made Protestantism illegal on French soil. C) defended Protestantism in southern Europe. D) was supported by the Huguenot immigrants of New Rochelle. E) permitted Jews to return to France.

Which of the following statements about the Glorious Revolution of 1688-1689 was true? A) It involved no bloodshed. B) It restored Catholicism in England. C) Louis XIV financed it. D) It led to a joint monarchy in England. E) It ended the Stuart dynasty.

Why did the English Bill of Rights evoke the "ancient constitution"? A) to avoid any confusion with the radicalism of the 1640s B) to make the rights seem older than they were C) to guarantee the rights of the people D) to make the world safe for democracy E) to limit the power of landowners

Which of the following statements correctly describes the Glorious Revolution? A) The outcome of the Glorious Revolution was used to justify the divine right to rule. B) The outcome of the Glorious Revolution was welcomed across Europe. C) The effects of the Glorious Revolution threatened Dutch maritime power. D) The effects of the Glorious Revolution led to a social revolution in England. E) The outcome of the Glorious Revolution established parliamentary supremacy.

Which of the following was true of John Locke's Second Treatise of Government? A) It rejected the idea of the importance of property. B) It repeated Hobbes's arguments. C) It denounced the concept of revolution. D) It made clear his Catholic upbringing. E) It justified the people's right to oppose tyrants.

Which of the following is true of the Act of Settlement in 1701? A) It had no effect on British rule today. B) It banned Catholics from the English throne. C) It was the first law of toleration. D) It opened the door to Catholic equality in England. E) Queen Anne vetoed it.

Why was the Act of Toleration of 1689 significant? A) It opened the door for Protestants to hold public office. B) It gave all Protestants freedom of worship. C) It gave all Christians equal rights and opportunities. D) It acknowledged the need to tolerate Jews. E) It established High Church practices as the official form of worship.

The government of William and Mary advocated economic policies that A) followed the mercantilist views of Charles II and Louis XIV. B) favored state-chartered monopolies in trade. C) promoted trade and merchants over agriculture and landowners. D) abolished the East India Company. E) pushed for protectionism.

Which of the following describes the effects of the founding of the Bank of England in 1694? A) It created the first major financial bubble. B) It provided stable and dependable credit to the government and merchants. C) It led to unprecedented bonuses for executives. D) It destroyed the rest of its competitors in the banking industry. E) It promoted banking over trade and manufacturing.

Which of the following statements about the Glorious Revolution in Ireland was true? A) It continued the glorious tradition of a bloodless revolution. B) It benefited the Irish Catholics over the Irish Protestants. C) It was quickly forgotten because the revolution had occurred primarily in France. D) It made clear that the majority of Irish subjects did not choose to depose King James II. E) It resulted in a strong, lasting alliance between Britain and France.

Following the death of Queen Anne in 1714, George I was crowned as king of Britain.Which of the following statements describes his reign? A) He was known for being unprecedentedly frugal, cutting the expenses of the royal household by over 50 percent. B) He led a series of major political and economic reforms in Europe, including a new system for collecting excise taxes. C) His reign marked the high point of absolutism in Europe and provided a model for France and Spain. D) He strengthened the power of the British monarchy and limited the power of Parliament to an unprecedented degree. E) He had little domestic interest in Britain and allowed Parliament to consolidate the gains of the Glorious Revolution.

Louis XIV's death provoked the Prince Regent to A) kill Louis's son and grandson at the Bastille and seize power. B) successfully restore French finances with the help of John Law from Scotland. C) move the royal court out of Versailles and back to Paris. D) refuse to borrow money or devalue the currency. E) rely exclusively on the duke of Saint-Simon in governing Paris.

Which of the following describes one of the many changes that Peter the Great pushed forward? A) He managed to curtail the influence of the aristocracy. B) He kept Russian elites looking eastward for influences. C) He eliminated absolutism in Russia. D) He promoted the power of the boyars. E) He demanded aristocrats wear traditional Russian fashions.

How did a series of Fredericks in Prussia increase their state's power? A) by spending lavishly on palaces and gardens B) by carefully emulating Peter the Great C) by disbanding the army D) by living frugally and devoting state revenues to the army E) by keeping the military out of civil affairs

Which of the following was true of Frederick William I, the king of Prussia? A) He eliminated the boyar duma as a means of undermining absolutism. B) He was known for dressing extravagantly in the latest fashions. C) He prevented tall men from becoming soldiers. D) He devoted much of his time to organizing the military forces. E) He was a great patron of the writer Jonathan Swift.

The well-ordered Russian absolutist state did much to limit internal violence and the exploitation of tenants and serfs, yet at the same time it A) forced peasants to pay increased taxes. B) enslaved many other classes of people. C) refused to allow peasants to serve in the army. D) prohibited serfs from working on state construction projects. E) allowed peasants to participate in politics.

The repeated famines in France around 1700 were a result of A) the complete absence of food and reliance on imports. B) the last decades of the Little Ice Age. C) a drastic fall in wages. D) new farming technologies. E) increasing temperatures.

Discipline and military order characterized most absolutist armies.One notable exception was A) Louis XIV's scourging of the Palatinate. B) Frederick the Great's massacres in Silesia. C) James II's treatment of the defeated soldiers in Monmouth's Rebellion. D) Ivan the Terrible's invasion of Ethiopia. E) Cardinal Fleury's enforcement of the Edict of Nantes.

The influence of European aristocrats on the conduct of war manifested itself in A) officers' desire to kill peasants and abandon their prior social identities. B) the much-improved menus and food choices for the soldiers. C) an unprecedented desire to protect religious minorities elsewhere. D) the influence of courtly ideas about courage, honor, and self-control. E) the rise of city militiamen over state-led, organized armies.

The aristocrats viewed war as their primary purpose and source of honor and prestige, which A) meant that Europe saw not a single year of peace from 1680-1721. B) guaranteed that most killing was done in a very formal, polite manner. C) caused them to wish to avoid it at all costs. D) led to an outpouring of books and plays arguing for the importance of war. E) was upheld most admirably by Louis XIV through his destruction of the Palatinate.

The Austrian defeat of the Ottoman Turks at the gates of Vienna A) established the tradition of Turkish guest workers. B) led to an alliance between the emperor and the sultan. C) spelled the end of the Ottoman Empire. D) was in part made possible by the formation of a Holy League funded by the pope. E) forced the closing of the Turkish baths in Vienna.

Kara Mustafa's march through Hungary to fight the king of Poland A) was a demonstration of the Turkish threat. B) caused Jan III Sobieski to flee to America. C) helped Poland dominate eastern Europe for the next decade. D) was the final time Turks threatened central Europe. E) made Hungary part of the Ottoman Empire.

The War of the Spanish Succession resulted in A) the rule of French Bourbon kings in Spain. B) an Anglo-French alliance. C) the Hanoverian succession. D) the independence of Florida and California. E) the establishment of French naval supremacy.

Terms of the Peace of Utrecht included A) a statement supporting the Peace of Westphalia. B) French demands for a restoration of Catholic rule in England. C) Naples's remaining part of the Spanish empire. D) Britain's monopoly of the slave trade in Spanish America. E) Louis XIV renouncing French claims to the Spanish throne.

The primary consequence of the Great Northern War was A) Russia's rise and the eclipse of Sweden. B) Danish berserkers raiding Poland. C) Gustavus Adolphus's challenging Peter the Great to single combat. D) the failure of Peter the Great's efforts to reform the Russian state. E) the Russian winter undermining the nation's war effort.

Sweden's participation in the Great Northern War resulted in A) the prosperity of Finland. B) King Charles XII's surrendering to the Turks. C) the loss of Latvia and Poland to Russia. D) Swedish forces failing to reach Ukraine. E) the Swedish victory at Poltava.

By 1715, England had A) distanced itself from Scotland politically. B) developed a less powerful navy than that of France. C) emerged as the most powerful colonial power. D) prepared a law to abolish slavery. E) become less wealthy because of its ties to the New World.

Which of the following was true of the British colonies in North America? A) They each had similar charters from European monarchs. B) They had established religious uniformity. C) They demanded immigration only from England. D) They refused to trade with each other due to cultural differences. E) They developed varied economies and social structures.

Which of the following statements about indentured servants in British North America is correct? A) By the eighteenth century, they largely replaced slaves in plantation labor. B) Landowners found it less profitable to work with them to cultivate sugar than with enslaved Africans. C) Most of them were German-speaking immigrants. D) They outnumbered slaves in the Caribbean colonies. E) They could only be freed through marriage.

By 1700, the center of sugar cultivation had moved to A) Britain's Caribbean colonies. B) Spain's colony of Florida. C) the Quakers' settlements in Pennsylvania. D) Germany's Chesapeake colonies. E) Portugal's settlements in Brazil.

The rise of sugar and coffee as consumer products A) affected European states, but had little effect on patterns of colonization. B) required small numbers of highly skilled workers using new technologies. C) relied exclusively on African slaves, and boomed after most indentured servants had returned to Europe. D) demanded back-breaking, labor-intensive harvesting and processing by masses of people. E) relied on the willing cooperation and expertise of the workforce.

Which of the following statements about the significance of Isaac Newton's work in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries is correct? A) Newton's work suggested the opacity of nature's mysteries and humans' inability to pinpoint a simple set of natural laws. B) Through simple, easily understood equations, Newton's work seemed to restore the physical universe to the perfection attributed to it by Ptolemy. C) Newton's work was in opposition to Johannes Kepler's ideas; it represented a break from the work of other astronomers of the time. D) Newton's work was revolutionary because it introduced the idea that Earth exerted an identical pull on all objects. E) Newton's work clashed with the work of John Locke, leading to the Enlightenment concept that from birth, humans are imprinted with innate ideas about the physical properties of the universe.

Which of the following occurred on the French territory of Saint-Domingue in the mid-1600s? A) After winning a battle against the French, slaves temporarily took control of French cities there. B) The French converted nearly all of the slaves there to Catholicism. C) The "Black Code" initiative to help the slaves was successful. D) Life expectancy for newly arrived Africans fell to less than ten years. E) Slaves reproduced so quickly that they overwhelmed the white population.

Which of the following statements about the First Maroon War in Jamaica was true? A) It lasted less than a year and ended with the abolishment of slavery in the Caribbean. B) Superior European tactics easily suppressed it. C) It allowed the Maroons to have their own settlements after many years of conflict. D) Marooned sailors from the French navy led it. E) After the war, the British destroyed what remained of the Maroons' settlements.

The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in France caused large-scale immigration that A) immediately increased the number of Protestant settlements in New France. B) brought a large Jewish population to the French colonies. C) dramatically increased the population of women in North America. D) strengthened colonies in Massachusetts, New York, and South Carolina. E) inspired religious toleration in New France.

The absolutist policies of the minister Colbert in New France A) aimed to undermine the power of great landowners. B) led to his arguing against the creation of Louisiana as a slave colony. C) were designed to create one of the first utopian societies. D) made peasant acquisition of land a simple process. E) intended to limit growth of the "Upper Country" by controlling the emigration of French settlers.

La Salle traveled from Montreal through the Great Lakes and A) down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico to found Louisiana. B) ultimately to Pennsylvania, where he founded a French university. C) to the Midwest, where he led a missionary effort for Native Americans. D) to the Mississippi, where he founded the Mississippi Company. E) to the New England colonies to participate in the War of the League of Augsburg.

Despite their relatively small numbers, French colonists managed to A) cultivate food crops that required more slave labor than that seen in the Caribbean. B) forge strategic alliances with the natives. C) overtake English settlements, reclaiming them as their own. D) support the Jesuits in successfully eradicating Native American customs in the region. E) dominate Atlantic trade by allowing free exchange with Europe.

What were the Mississippi Company and the South Sea Company? A) two successful joint-stock ventures that increased Atlantic trade dramatically B) corporations that helped manage the national debt in France and England C) corporations that created massive bubbles that eventually burst and caused economic strife D) economic initiatives that dramatically increased the popularity of both the French and British kings E) economic enterprises that demonstrated the value of venture capitalists and speculation

Urban life drew the attention of the Jansenists A) thanks to the opportunities to work with the poor. B) due to the sensuality of court life. C) as an example of the need for simplicity and repentance. D) for its variety of consumer goods. E) because of their support for the police.

The boom in the numbers of coffeehouses in London A) helped bring men of all classes together in an urban setting. B) occurred as a result of the influx of Turks to London in 1710. C) provided meeting places for only elite members of society. D) originated with gatherings of writers at aristocratic homes where coffee was served. E) was made possible by the city's decrease in poverty from 1675 to 1710.

Why were salons in France initially organized? A) to give publishers a place to advertise new authors B) to create a space where merchants could sell their goods indoors C) to give malnourished women and children a place to sleep and eat D) to instruct newcomers in the traditions of the court E) to create a space where revolutionaries could meet in secret

Periodical literature boomed in London thanks to A) increased availability of government licenses for printing. B) efforts to raise money for underfunded schools. C) the lapsing of the Licensing Act. D) the invention of the technology to print pictures. E) the decline of the novel.

Who was the famous London figure Jonathan Wild? A) an early private investigator B) a wanted bounty hunter C) an esteemed member of the British Parliament D) a popular Christian social reformer E) an urban folk hero lauded for his defiance of authority

For which of the following is Daniel Defoe known? A) opening a series of coffeehouses B) curing an outbreak of the plague in Europe C) writing political satires D) inspiring the realist novel E) navigating a new route to the Caribbean

Philipp van Limborch's History of the Inquisition A) demonstrated the benefits of religious uniformity. B) argued against the "liberty of conscience" and condemned heresy. C) cast the Inquisition as one of the great crimes against humanity. D) praised the missionary work of the Dominicans. E) denounced religious toleration in all its forms.

The Glorious Revolution abolished the monarchy in Ireland.

Aristocrats in Europe led the way in opposing future wars.

Vizier Kara Mustafa led the siege of Vienna and was defeated by Jan III Sobieski.

The League of Augsburg was significant because it was an alliance of Protestant and Catholic powers and fought against French expansionist policies.

Pennsylvania was home to Germans thanks to William Penn's policy of religious liberty.

After 1700, there were far more white Europeans than enslaved Africans in the Caribbean.

Maroons in Jamaica were free in Jamaica after fighting the English from 1660-1739.

The route that transported enslaved Africans across the Atlantic under terrible conditions was called the middle passage.

Unlike in Pennsylvania, the French banned all Protestants from New France.

The wealth brought about by the African slave trade increased the imperial competition in the Americas between France and Britain.

René-Robert Cavelier de La Salle claimed everything from the Appalachians to the Rockies for the king of France.

The French were unable to form alliances with the native peoples in the Americas.

Jansenists considered the sensuality of court life as an invitation to sin.

The efforts of the Republic of Letters were responsible for inspiring skepticism to all authority.

In the seventeenth century, the Renaissance technique of textual criticism had not yet been applied to religious scripture.

How did de Vieira make use of Tsar Peter's absolute power in St.Petersburg?

How can you explain the growing religious intolerance after the Peace of Westphalia?

How revolutionary was the Glorious Revolution?

Discuss the variety of ways that monarchs made use of their absolute power.

How did the nature of war change after 1648?

Explain the dominance of Great Britain after 1715.

How did the development of the Atlantic World during the seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries contribute to the emergence of Britain as one of the most important colonial powers of its time?

How was slavery related to colonial prosperity?

Why did cities become important to the courts?

Discuss some of the most important ideas and figures contributing to European skepticism.