Quiz 11: Offenders Supervised in the Community

Which level of government is responsible for the administration of adult correctional services in Canada? A)federal B)provincial C)territorial D)federal and provincial/territorial

Which level of government is responsible for the administration of probation in Canada? A)federal B)provincial C)territorial D)federal and provincial/territorial

In 2014-2015, how many offences had a median length of probation of 545 days or longer? A)three B)six C)nine D)twelve

In 1974, Robert Martinson published an article questioning the very existence of rehabilitation. Which phrase became an instance cliché for critics? A)nothing works B)everything works C)rehabilitation works D)zero works

In which of the following is a probation order imposed with another punishment? A)dual sentence B)split sentence C)multiple sentence D)divided sentence

What is the maximum length of a probation order for adult offenders? A)1 year B)2 years C)3 years D)4 years

What is the median length of probation orders in Canada? A)6 months B)12 months C)18 months D)24 months

Lowanna receives probation that contains optional conditions for her sentence. Which of the following is an optional condition of a probation order? A)remaining within a particular location B)keeping the peace C)drug counselling D)notifying the court of an address change

So'Lanna is a judge who decides there is a possibility that an offender is a high-risk threat to the safety of the community. For how many years can she place the offender on probation? A)7 B)10 C)12 D)15

In 2016-2017, what percentage of federal and provincial applicants for full parole succeeded? A)35 percent B)40 percent C)45 percent D)50 percent

Of the 3,621 male inmates who applied for full parole in 2016-2017, what percentage succeeded? A)34 percent B)46 percent C)66 percent D)73 percent

Of the 295 women serving a federal sentence who applied for full parole, what percentage succeeded? A)34 percent B)46 percent C)66 percent D)73 percent

What was the most common offence in the category of crimes against the person receiving the sentence of probation during 2014-2015? A)criminal harassment (stalking) B)assault with a weapon C)kidnapping D)uttering threats

What was the most common offence in the category of crimes against property receiving the sentence of probation during 2014-15? A)break and enter B)mischief C)theft under $5,000 D)fraud

What was the most common offence in the category of "other Criminal Code" receiving the sentence of probation during 2014-2015? A)weapons B)mischief C)failure to pay a fine D)failure to contact a probation officer

Sonja is a judge and is sentencing an individual to probation for committing a violent crime. Which of the following is a basis for her decision? A)the offence was not serious B)the offender had a lengthy stay in remand C)there was no need to protect the community D)no room was available to incarcerate the offender

According to the Criminal Code, when can a conditional sentence be imposed? A)when the Criminal Code does not specify a minimum term of imprisonment B)when the Criminal Code sets a minimum term of two years' imprisonment C)when the Court sets a minimum term of five years' imprisonment D)when the Court imposes a sentence of over five years

Wei has been given a conditional sentence for the crime she recently committed. Which of the following is an example of an optional condition she might be given? A)substance abuse treatment B)law-abiding behaviour C)appear in court when ordered D)notify the court of any change of address

Which of the following is an optional condition for a conditional sentence? A)appearing before the court when so ordered B)reporting to a probation officer when so ordered C)informing the court of a change of address D)drug counselling

When a judge sentences an individual to a conditional sentence, which of the following principles is the judge intending to fulfill? A)restorative justice B)denunciation C)incapacitation D)healing

What is the primary objective of probation? A)restorative justice B)deterrence C)incapacitation D)rehabilitation

Offences for which the law prescribes a maximum sentence of what amount of time were excluded from being used under Bill C-10? A)2 years B)5 years C)10 years D)14 years or life

What occurs when offenders are diverted into a new program even though they are not really the individuals for whom the program was originally intended? A)least restrictive alternative B)net widening C)parsimony D)alternative sanctions

Roberts and Gabor found that there had been net widening in five of the nine provinces they studied, and that the national effect of this was what percentage?? A)1 percent B)5 percent C)10 percent D)15 percent

What approach has traditionally been used by community corrections to deal with offenders? A)rehabilitation B)deterrence C)justice model D)restorative justice

Intermediate sanctions were originally based upon what perspective? A)deterrence B)selective incapacitation C)justice model D)healing

Why have intermediate sanctions become so popular? A)some locations require participants to help pay for the program B)there are increased rates of deterrence C)the root causes of crime can be dealt with more effectively D)they increase the length of sentences

Which of the following is a component of the "penal harm movement" according to Clear? A)the root causes of crime will be discovered B)chromic offenders will be rehabilitated C)society will be safer with more people incarcerated D)more effective programs to rehabilitative offenders will be developed

What is the most common form of intermediate punishment? A)home confinement B)intensive supervision probation C)electronic monitoring D)incarceration

What are probation officers, whose primary task is to help offenders adjust to society, regarded as? A)caseworkers B)public servants C)almoners D)welfare workers

Which principle characterizes intensive supervision probation systems? A)Supervision is limited. B)Supervision is incomplete. C)Supervision is rarely enforced. D)Supervision is ubiquitous.

What are intensive supervision probation programs designed for? A)punishment B)leniency C)restoration D)rehabilitation

According to Petersilia, which of the following assumptions was the basis for the rapid expansion of intensive supervision probation programs? A)less emphasis upon crime control compared to regular probation B)programs are more cost-effective C)most offenders present only a minimum risk D)supervision of offenders is strictly enforced

What is documented in the evaluation studies of intensive supervision probation programs? A)Most program participants were prison-bound offenders. B)Recidivism rates were lower when a rehabilitation component was included. C)Program participation led to a decrease in criminal activity. D)Re-arrest rates of program participants decreased when they were placed under increased control.

According to Gendreau and Little, which of the following is necessary for intermediate sanctions to be successful? A)They must be extensive. B)They must be based on the social roots of criminal behaviour. C)They must be lacking in accountability. D)They must be structured.

What did the study of intensive supervision probation programs by Gendreau and Little document? A)The programs must be structured. B)High-risk clients fared no better than regular probationers. C)Offenders on intensive supervision probation programs had higher recidivism rates. D)Offenders on intensive supervision probation programs received fewer rehabilitation services.

Daghan is a judge who has sentenced many offenders to home confinement and electronic monitoring programs. What would be his traditional target group? A)property offenders B)low-risk offenders C)high-risk offenders D)medium-risk offenders

In what case did the Supreme Court hold that conditional sentences should include house arrest as the norm? A)R. v. Proulx B)R. v. Phillon C)R. v. Gladue D)R. v. Wells

The CSC has decided to implement a new program in 2015 for high-risk criminals. Yesim is arrested and convicted of a high-risk crime. Which of the following might Yesim's sentence involve? A)home confinement B)probation C)parole D)electronic monitoring

What have intensive supervision probation programs succeeded in achieving according to Tonry? A)the goal of deterrence B)latent bureaucratic goals C)courtroom workgroup goals D)public safety goals

In 2014-2015, fines were imposed in what percentage of guilty cases in Canada? A)29 percent B)31 percent C)46 percent D)57 percent

In 2014-2015, what was the median amount for all fines? A)$250 B)$500 C)$800 D)$1,000

During 2014-2015, sentences of a fine were most frequently imposed on which types of cases? A)impaired driving B)drug possession C)Criminal Code traffic offences D)failure to appear

Due to high unemployment, fines are not a reasonable option for which group of offenders? A)Black B)Indigenous C)Hispanic D)Caucasian

What type of fine satisfies the idea of proportionality by assessing an offender's net income as well as the seriousness of the crime? A)day fines B)current flexible-income fines C)fine evaluation programs D)current fixed-income fines

Which of the following is NOT a goal that is considered in evaluating intermediate sanctions? A)reducing prison populations B)saving money C)raising money D)deterring crime

Buffy is designing an intermediate sanction program. What type of cost savings as compared to regular probation should she expect, based on the research of Petersilia and Turner? A)no cost savings whatsoever B)minimal cost savings C)significant cost savings D)significant cost savings, but only for property offenders

According to Petersilia and Turner, the large number of technical violations, revocations, and incarcerations, and the cost of court appearances resulted in intermediate sanctions programs being how much more expensive than routine probation and parole supervision? A)twice as much B)three times as much C)four times as much D)five times as much

How much on average did Renzema and Skelton say the fee was to offenders participating in intermediate punishments? A)$150 B)$200 C)$250 D)$300

Which of the following is NOT a conditional release program? A)full parole B)day parole C)temporary absences D)home confinement

At what time can an inmate apply for full parole in the federal correctional system? A)after serving half of his/her time or seven years B)after serving one-third of his/her time or five years C)after serving one-third of his/her time or seven years D)after serving half of his/her time or five years

When do federal and provincial/territorial offenders become eligible for parole? A)three months before they are eligible for full parole B)six months before they are eligible for full parole C)nine months before they are eligible for full parole D)one year before they are eligible for full parole

Which group of inmates did Howard Sapers, the Correctional Investigator, note had increased in numbers due to the government abolishing APR? A)non-violent offenders B)violent offenders C)male offenders D)female offenders

Which of the following is NOT an example of a reason for a temporary absence? A)medical B)family and community contact C)religious D)administrative

Mia's father has fallen ill with cancer and only has three months to live. What type of temporary absence could Mia seek? A)Medical B)Compassionate C)Administrative D)family and community contact

In most years, what percentage of applications succeed in being granted parole? A)fewer than 25 percent B)fewer than 50 percent C)fewer than 60 percent D)fewer than 75 percent

In 2016-2017, what was the percentage of the success rate for all offenders on full parole? A)below 15 percent B)almost 30 percent C)between 40 and 60 percent D)almost 90 percent

Which of the following is a factor that the Parole Board of Canada uses to measure the effectiveness of conditional release? A)post-warrant expiry recidivism B)the rate of refusal of offenders to go on any type of conditional release program C)the reduction of criminogenic needs of offenders D)pre-warrant expiry recidivism

Which of the following is NOT a key aspect of problem-solving courts? A)individualized justice B)less treatment C)offender accountability D)support by participants of procedural justice

Which common principle and practice of problem-solving courts would have an offender participate in a tailored job-training service? A)community engagement B)collaboration C)individualized justice D)accountability

Which common principle and practice of problem-solving courts would have an offender participate in regular compliance monitoring? A)community engagement B)collaboration C)individualized justice D)accountability

In 2010-2011, what percentage of women offenders received some mental health care intervention as reported by Correctional Service Canada? A)50 percent B)62 percent C)69 percent D)78 percent

Which of the following focuses upon the belief that crime is also a social problem that impacts life within the community? A)community justice B)community policing C)community denunciation D)community efficacy

Which of the following is NOT a goal of community-oriented lawyering? A)prevention and reduction of disorder and crime B)restoration of victims and communities C)empowerment of local citizens D)empowerment of local court workers

Rottman (1996) identified one type of community court where certain types of criminal cases went back into the community through the use of local or "branch" courts. Where is the most famous example of this approach located? A)New York City B)Boston C)Chicago D)Miami

The majority of convicted people spend their sentence incarcerated.

The administration of adult correctional services in Canada is a shared responsibility between the federal and provincial/territorial governments.

Generally, the federal correctional system has jurisdiction over offenders serving a sentence of custody of two years or more and offenders on conditional release in the community.

In 2016-2017, on an average day, there was a two percent decrease from the previous year in adults in custody, including provincial/territorial and federal custody.

In 2016-2017, on an average day, there was a four percent decrease from 2012-2013 in adults in custody, including provincial/territorial and federal custody.

Most adults in the provincial and territorial correctional systems in 2016-2017 (79 percent) were supervised in the community.

Information on adults in the correctional system is generally analyzed using average counts or admissions data.

In 2016-2017, data on the initial entry of adults into correctional services were available for all provinces.

While probation made up the lowest proportion of total entries (seven percent) into community supervision among the six reporting provinces in 2016-2017, the number of individuals who were sentenced to custody was high (27 percent).

The three main alternatives to imprisonment used in conjunction with the correctional system in Canada are intensive supervision probation, home confinement, and electronic monitoring.

Community correctional services are responsible for drafting presentence reports and operating fine option programs.

Many of the community corrections programs are available across Canada and in every jurisdiction.

Probation has existed in Canada for more than a century.

Conditional sentences were not implemented in Canada until 1996 as part of the package of reforms proclaimed when Bill C-41 was passed.

Both probation and conditional sentences have increased since 2013-2014.

In Canada in the early 1970s, community sanctions were popular among the public.

In Canada in the 1980s, the Canadian Sentencing Commission recommended the elimination of parole in this country, but its proposals were never implemented.

In 1974, Robert Martinson published an article titled "What Works? Questions and Answers about Prison Reform" was to have a tremendous impact on how community sanctions would operate over the following decades.

In his 1974 article titled "What Works? Questions and Answers about Prison Reform," Robert Martinson acknowledged that rehabilitation might work sometimes.

Robert Martinson concluded that when parolees and non-parolees were compared, parole had at best only a delaying effect on recidivism.

A judge can suspend a sentence for an offence that has a specific minimum punishment.

Probation is based on the idea that some offenders do not threaten the safety of the public.

A probation order can be imposed either as a single sentence or as a split sentence.

Probation is a required accompaniment to a suspended sentence or conditional discharge.

The proportion of offenders receiving probation as part of their sentence has remained at just over 40 percent over the past decade.

In 2014-2015, 43 percent of all guilty cases received probation either on its own or in combination with other sanctions.

The median length of probation orders has remained consistent since 1994-1995, at about 730 days (two years).

In Canada, the proportion of offenders receiving probation as part of their sentence has remained at just over 40 percent over the past decade.

Avoiding contact with children (for a child molester placed on probation) is an example of a mandatory condition of probation.

Keeping the peace is an example of a mandatory condition of probation.

Reporting to a probation officer is an optional condition of probation.

Judges have little discretion in determining whether or not to give an offender a sentence of probation.

If a judge decides there is a possibility that an offender will be a high-risk threat to the safety of the community when released on parole, the judge can order a sentence of probation of up to 10 years to be attached to the parole order.

Probation is the most common form of community sanction used in Canada.

In 2014-2015, the most common offence in the category of crimes against the person where probation was used was criminal harassment (stalking), at 89 percent.

In 2014-2015, probation was most likely to be part of a sentence in the category of crimes against the person (72 percent).

The most common offence in the category of crimes against property in which a probation order was used was breaking and entering.

In Canada, the most common offence in the category of crimes against the person when probation was used was uttering threats.

One explanation given for the use of probation when sentencing violent criminals is because the violent crimes involved in the cases are less serious.

According to Roberts, the majority of all violent crimes were considered by judges to be relatively minor incidents.

An accused's prior criminal record does not have a strong impact on sentencing patterns.

Common assault is the only crime in Canada to have a median period of probation for two years or more.

A conditional sentence is sometimes referred to as "house arrest."

The goal of the conditional sentence is to give people a brief experience of incarceration before releasing them into the community.

Electronic monitoring and home confinement are the most used options of conditional sentencing.

In terms of punishment, sentencing judges have situated conditional sentences between incarceration and probation.

Conditional sentences are intended to fulfill the principles of denunciation and rehabilitation.

A conditional sentence must be the same length as if the offender received a period of incarceration as their sentence.

If no other punishment was considered suitable, an individual may be placed into a correctional facility.

"Net widening" occurs when offenders are diverted into a new program even though they are not really the individuals for whom the program was originally intended.

Intermediate sanctions are also referred to as judicially administered sanctions.

Intermediate sanctions are popular because, in part, they can result in sentences that are perceived as fair, equitable, and proportional.

Intermediate punishments provide stronger control than normal community supervision.

Intensive supervision probation (ISP) is the most common form of intermediate punishment today.

When Manitoba instituted its high-risk probationer program, it contained an intensive supervision component.

The "penal harm movement" assumes that crime rates can be reduced if more offenders are punished and placed under the control of criminal justice agencies.

The least common form of intermediate punishment used is intensive supervision probation.

According to Petersilia and Turner, the closer surveillance of offenders on intermediate sanction programs will lead to the discovery of more technical rule violations.

The most commonly cited advantage of intensive supervision probation programs is the small probation officer-client ratios.

In intensive probation, supervision is graduated.

Many offenders would choose prison over an intensive supervision program.

Most participants on intensive supervision programs have been found to be prison-bound offenders.

Evaluations of intensive supervision programs discovered that these programs were actually increasing criminal activity.

Recidivism rates in intensive supervision programs were lower when the program contained a rehabilitation-based component.

Home confinement and electronic monitoring programs are designed to restrict offenders to their place of residence.

In an evaluation of electronic monitoring programs in Canada, the researchers concluded that these programs reduce the recidivism rates of offenders more effectively than custody or probation.

According to Tonry, intensive supervision programs have succeeded in achieving their stated goals.

The use of fines as a sentence has gradually increased in Canada since 1996-1997.

A fine alone can be imposed for offences that have a maximum penalty of more than five years.

Fines are commonly used as the most severe sanction in the category of crimes against the person.

Day fines are weighted by a daily income value taken from a chart similar to an income tax table.

According to the research conducted by Petersilia and Turner, intermediate sanctions resulted in significant cost savings during the one-year follow-up period.

According to the research conducted by Petersilia and Turner, offenders who participated in an intermediate sanctions program recorded fewer technical violations than those offenders who were sent to a regular probation program.

The Parole Board of Canada looks after all federal and provincial/territorial inmates.

Provincial parole boards have the power to grant day parole.

Howard Sapers, the Correctional Investigator, noted that the increase in the number of female offenders in federal custody was largely due to the government abolishing APR.

Temporary absences are always unescorted.

Applicants applying for day parole have a much higher success rate than full parole.

A technical violation by an offender while on conditional release counts as a new criminal offence.

Recidivism rates are considered to be the most important criteria by which success or failure of a conditional release program is judged.

Over the past decade, the rate of violent conviction for offenders while under supervision has declined.

After six months, offenders with mental disorders were less likely to have their conditional release suspended than those offenders without mental disorders.

Problem-solving courts use alternative sanctions to better respond to offending, as well as a willingness to spend more time on each case.

The first question the mental health court asks is how can the law benefit the accused in dealing with his or her mental health issue and at the same time protect the public.

The therapeutic justice approach has been defined as an ethic that transforms the aims of the justice system into enhancing community life.

A goal of community justice is to improve community life.

Community policing uses strategies to identify alternative ways to determine the root causes of crime.

Community courts are decentralized courts that respond directly to community concerns rather than wait for serious crimes to be committed.

List and describe two alternative sanctions available in Canada. Include the positive and negative aspects of each sanction. ∙

Describe the two types or categories of conditions used with probation. Give an example or two for each category of conditions. ∙

Explain the difference between probation and the conditional sentence of imprisonment. ∙

What are conditional sentences, how are they used and what are their impacts? Include in this an analysis of the changes since they were introduced. ∙

Describe intermediate punishments including the main components and where they are used the most. ∙

What is the most common form of intermediate punishment and what are its main characteristics? What have been the results of evaluations conducted on these sentencing practices? ∙

Which sentence would prompt the use of home confinement and electronic monitoring? Describe their characteristics and the results of evaluations conducted upon their effectiveness. ∙

Why were problem-solving courts created, and what are their main features? Use the example of the mental health courts to back up your answer. ∙

Discuss in detail the "penal harm movement.". ∙

Define "community courts." Discuss in detail the various approaches that exist for community-based courts today. ∙