Question 1

Dr. Earl is a cognitive psychologist who studies thinking. Which question is most relevant to Dr. Earl's research?
A) How do we cope with tragic events?
B) How does a person's culture influence his or her career choice?
C) How do we mentally rotate objects to "see" them from many angles?
D) How does the behavior of a group affect one person?

Accepted Answer

Dr. Earl's research is focused on cognitive psychology and how individuals think. The question that is most relevant to this field is how individuals mentally rotate objects to "see" them from many angles, which falls under spatial cognition. This question aligns with Dr. Earl's research interests and expertise. The other answer choices do not directly relate to cognitive psychology or thinking.

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT an example of thinking?
A) translating your Spanish homework into English
B) calculating the tip on your dinner bill
C) taking a nap with soft music playing
D) using a map to drive to a new store

Accepted Answer

Taking a nap with soft music playing is not an example of thinking as it requires no active cognitive processes or mental manipulation of information. The other options involve some form of mental activity or problem-solving.

Question 3

Regina is mentally manipulating information about how her boyfriend's new jeans fit him. When Regina does this she is
A) experiencing insight about whether he is attractive.
B) using an algorithm to decide whether the jeans fit.
C) developing a mental map of her boyfriend.
D) thinking about how he looks in the jeans.

Accepted Answer

Regina is mentally processing how her boyfriend looks in the new jeans, indicating that she is thinking about his appearance rather than using an algorithm, experiencing insight, or developing a mental map.

Question 4

Juan believes that a robin is a good example of a bird. Sergei believes that a penguin is a good example of a bird. Juan and Sergei are both correct according to the ________ model of
Organizing concepts.
A) schema
B) stereotype
C) exemplar
D) prototype

Accepted Answer

The exemplar model suggests that individuals use specific examples or instances of a category (in this case, birds like robins and penguins) to form a concept or to judge whether something belongs to a category. This model allows for a wide range of examples, including those that might not fit a more generalized or typical representation of a category.

Question 5

When you brainstorm a list of words and concepts that are related to your personality traits, you are writing words that are related to an abstract mental concept. Because of this you are
Using a(n) ________ representation.
A) analogical
B) symbolic
C) heuristic
D) algorithm

Accepted Answer

The use of words to represent abstract concepts is an example of symbolic representation, in which one thing (the symbol) is used to stand for another thing (the concept). Analogical representation involves the use of a similar item or situation to represent another, while heuristic and algorithmic representations involve problem-solving strategies.

Question 6

When people group several concepts together, such as baseball, basketball, and football, based on the shared property of being so-called ball sports, they are creating a ________
Of the concepts.
A) prototype
B) category
C) exemplar
D) mental map

Accepted Answer

Grouping concepts based on shared characteristics is the process of creating categories. A prototype is a mental image or best example of a category, an exemplar is a specific example that fits within a category, and a mental map is a visual representation of spatial information.

Question 7

When you use a city map to find your way to a restaurant, it has some physical characteristics of the actual objects-streets and their locations. Because of this, the map is a(n) ________
Representation.
A) analogical
B) symbolic
C) exemplar
D) prototype

Accepted Answer

An analogical representation is a type of representation that closely resembles the physical characteristics of the actual object or event. In this case, the city map closely resembles the physical characteristics of the streets and their locations in the actual city, making it an analogical representation. Symbolic, exemplar, and prototype representations do not necessarily have a direct resemblance to the physical characteristics of the object or event they represent.

Question 8

A road map and a photograph have some of the physical characteristics of objects. Because of this, they are ________ of the external world around us.
A) analogical representations
B) exemplars
C) symbolic representations
D) mental maps

Accepted Answer

Analogical representations have physical characteristics that resemble the external world. Road maps and photographs are examples of analogical representations because they have physical characteristics that represent and resemble the external world. Exemplars and symbolic representations do not have the same physical characteristics as the external world. Mental maps refer to an individual's internal representation of the external world, which may or may not be analogical in nature.

Question 9

When Mary thinks about a guitar, she uses a mental representation of specific knowledge about that object. Mary is thinking about a
A) mental map.
B) schema.
C) stereotype.
D) concept.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When Mary thinks about a guitar, she...

Question 10

A picture of a computer is an example of a(n) ________ representation. The word computer is an example of a(n) ________ representation.
A) mental map; conceptual
B) conceptual; mental map
C) analogical; symbolic
D) symbolic; analogical

Accepted Answer

A picture of a computer is an analogical representation because it resembles the physical form of a computer. The word "computer" is a symbolic representation because it uses language symbols to represent the idea of a computer without resembling its physical form.

Question 11

Dr. Brown conducts research on how concepts are represented in people's minds. He believes that each category has one perfect representation of a concept. Based on this,
Dr) Brown most likely follows the ________ model of organizing concepts.
A) prototype
B) exemplar
C) concept
D) schema

Accepted Answer

Dr. Brown's belief that each category has one perfect representation of a concept suggests that he follows the prototype model of organizing concepts. In this model, people create a mental image of the "ideal" or "typical" category member, which represents the concept.

Question 12

Cognitive schemas allow for easy, fast processing of information about people, events, or groups that are related in some way. However, when we make generalizations about these
People, events, or groups, we are using
A) concepts.
B) stereotypes.
C) the exemplar model.
D) the prototype model.

Accepted Answer

When we make generalizations about people, events, or groups, we often use stereotypes, which are cognitive schemas that allow for quick processing but can lead to erroneous judgments and biases.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT an example of an analogical representation?
A) a subway map
B) a family tree
C) a diagram of the human body
D) a sign language gesture for please

Accepted Answer

Analogical representations are ones that have some physical or conceptual resemblance to what they represent, such as maps, diagrams, and family trees. A sign language gesture, however, does not resemble its meaning in the same way; it is symbolic rather than analogical.

Question 14

A prototype includes ________ in a category. An exemplar includes ________ in the category.
A) the most typical concept; all examples of concepts
B) the least typical concept; the most typical concept
C) only stereotypical concepts; the least typical concept
D) all examples of concepts; only stereotypical concepts

Accepted Answer

A prototype includes the most typical concept in a category and all examples of concepts while an exemplar includes all examples of concepts in the category. Therefore, the best choice is A - a prototype includes the most typical concept and all examples of concepts in the category, while an exemplar includes all examples of concepts in the category.

Question 15

Dr. Shah is interested in how concepts are represented in people's minds. She believes that a category includes all of the examples of the concepts in that category. Dr. Shah most likely
Follows the ________ model of categorizing concepts.
A) analogical representation
B) prototype
C) exemplar
D) symbolic representation

Accepted Answer

Dr. Shah's belief that a category includes all of the examples of the concepts in that category is consistent with the exemplar model, which suggests that people categorize concepts by comparing new items to specific examples stored in memory. In contrast, the prototype model suggests that people categorize concepts by comparing new items to the most typical or "prototype" example of that category. The analogical representation model suggests that people categorize concepts by creating mental representations that resemble the physical properties of the concept, whereas the symbolic representation model suggests that people categorize concepts using abstract symbols or rules.

Question 16

Luke grew up by the beach and only wears sandals. Because of this, it is likely that Luke considers sandals to be the most typical type of shoe. For Luke, sandals would most likely be
The ________ of the category "shoes."
A) stereotype
B) heuristic
C) exemplar
D) prototype

Accepted Answer

A prototype is the most typical or ideal example of a category that serves as the representation of the category. Luke's experience of only wearing sandals means that he likely considers sandals to be the most typical or ideal type of shoe, making them the prototype of the category "shoes." Stereotype refers to a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing. Heuristics are mental shortcuts or rules of thumb used to make quick judgments or decisions. Exemplars refer to specific examples or instances of a category that are used to represent the category. None of these fit as well as the concept of a prototype for this scenario.

Question 17

Chris is describing what lasagna is to a friend who has never eaten it before. He tells his friend, "Lasagna usually has layers of noodles with cheese and sauce in between each layer."
In this situation, Chris is describing his ________ of lasagna.
A) mental map
B) category
C) analogical representation
D) concept

Accepted Answer

Chris is describing his conceptual understanding of what lasagna is, which is what is meant by a "concept."

Question 18

When you read the word cake on a menu, it is a(n) ________ representation. The picture of a cake on a menu is a(n) ________ representation.
A) analogical; symbolic
B) symbolic; analogical
C) symbolic; conceptual
D) conceptual; symbolic

Accepted Answer

The word "cake" on a menu is a symbolic representation because it is a linguistic symbol that stands for the concept of cake. The picture of a cake on a menu is also a symbolic representation because it is a visual symbol that stands for the same concept of cake. Analogical representation would involve a more direct connection between the symbol and what it represents, such as a miniature model of a cake. Conceptual representation would refer to the abstract mental concept of cake, rather than any specific symbol used to represent it.

Question 19

When Dave started driving, he had to use a navigation system to get around his city. Over time, Dave could drive through his city without the navigation system because he knew the
Names of all the roads and had a visual image in his mind of where they are. Dave has most
Likely developed a ________ of his city.
A) categorical representation
B) mental map
C) symbolic representation
D) series of individual prototypes

Accepted Answer

Dave's ability to navigate through the city without a navigation system and his knowledge of the names of roads suggest that he has developed a mental map of the city, which is a cognitive representation of spatial information. A categorical representation involves grouping similar objects or concepts together, a symbolic representation uses symbols to represent concepts or ideas, and a series of individual prototypes involves creating multiple examples of a concept or object.

Question 20

An advantage of the prototype model in describing how we think about concepts is that
A) it organizes concepts hierarchically.
B) a different prototype can be chosen for different reasons.
C) it allows for flexibility in letting unusual concepts be included in a category.
D) all examples of concepts are equally important.

Accepted Answer

The answer of An advantage of the prototype model in...

Quiz 8: Thinking and Intelligence

Dr. Earl is a cognitive psychologist who studies thinking. Which question is most relevant to Dr. Earl's research?

Which of the following is NOT an example of thinking?

Regina is mentally manipulating information about how her boyfriend's new jeans fit him. When Regina does this she is

Juan believes that a robin is a good example of a bird. Sergei believes that a penguin is a good example of a bird. Juan and Sergei are both correct according to the ________ model of Organizing concepts.

When you brainstorm a list of words and concepts that are related to your personality traits, you are writing words that are related to an abstract mental concept. Because of this you are Using a(n) ________ representation.

When people group several concepts together, such as baseball, basketball, and football, based on the shared property of being so-called ball sports, they are creating a ________ Of the concepts.

When you use a city map to find your way to a restaurant, it has some physical characteristics of the actual objects-streets and their locations. Because of this, the map is a(n) ________ Representation.

A road map and a photograph have some of the physical characteristics of objects. Because of this, they are ________ of the external world around us.

When Mary thinks about a guitar, she uses a mental representation of specific knowledge about that object. Mary is thinking about a

A picture of a computer is an example of a(n) representation. The word computer is an example of a(n) representation.

Dr. Brown conducts research on how concepts are represented in people's minds. He believes that each category has one perfect representation of a concept. Based on this, Dr) Brown most likely follows the ________ model of organizing concepts.

Cognitive schemas allow for easy, fast processing of information about people, events, or groups that are related in some way. However, when we make generalizations about these People, events, or groups, we are using

Which of the following is NOT an example of an analogical representation?

A prototype includes in a category. An exemplar includes in the category.

Dr. Shah is interested in how concepts are represented in people's minds. She believes that a category includes all of the examples of the concepts in that category. Dr. Shah most likely Follows the ________ model of categorizing concepts.

Luke grew up by the beach and only wears sandals. Because of this, it is likely that Luke considers sandals to be the most typical type of shoe. For Luke, sandals would most likely be The ________ of the category "shoes."

Chris is describing what lasagna is to a friend who has never eaten it before. He tells his friend, "Lasagna usually has layers of noodles with cheese and sauce in between each layer." In this situation, Chris is describing his ________ of lasagna.

When you read the word cake on a menu, it is a(n) representation. The picture of a cake on a menu is a(n) representation.

An advantage of the prototype model in describing how we think about concepts is that