Question 1

The first psychologists to emphasize the organizing processes underlying perception were the
A) opponent-process psychologists.
B) trichromatic theorists.
C) Gestalt psychologists.
D) signal detection theorists.

Accepted Answer

The Gestalt psychologists were the first to emphasize the organizing processes involved in perception, focusing on how the mind forms a holistic perception of stimuli rather than simply reacting to individual parts of them. The opponent-process psychologists focused more on color perception and the opposing responses of different types of cones in the retina. The trichromatic theorists focused on the three types of cones and their responses to different wavelengths of light. Signal detection theorists focused on the ways in which we make judgments about the presence or absence of stimuli in noisy environments.

Question 2

If you close one eye, you will still be able to use ________ as a depth cue, but you will NOT be able to use ________ as a depth cue.
A) linear perspective; occlusion
B) texture gradients; binocular disparity
C) relative size; stroboscopic motion
D) binocular disparity; linear perspective

Accepted Answer

Texture gradients can still be used as a depth cue with one eye closed because they rely on the distribution and size of patterns to convey depth, which does not require binocular vision. Binocular disparity, however, relies on the slightly different views each eye has of the world, which cannot be used when one eye is closed.

Question 3

According to ________, we perceive a car as a whole unit rather than perceiving it as a group of distinct entities (such as metal, tires, glass, door handles, hubcaps, and fenders).
A) bottom-up processing
B) bottom-down processing
C) Gestalt psychology
D) transduction

Accepted Answer

Gestalt psychology emphasizes that we tend to perceive entire objects or scenes rather than isolated parts or individual features. This is reflected in the concept of "Gestalt grouping principles" that describe how our brains naturally organize and group perceptual elements into meaningful wholes. Bottom-up processing (A) refers to processing sensory information from the individual elements to form a larger perception, while top-down processing (B) involves using pre-existing knowledge and expectations to shape perception. Transduction (D) refers to the conversion of sensory information into neural signals.

Question 4

Leonardo da Vinci identified many monocular depth cues, including ________, in which a near object blocks an object that is farther away.
A) occlusion
B) relative size
C) familiar size
D) linear perspective

Accepted Answer

Leonardo da Vinci identified occlusion, also known as interposition, as a monocular depth cue. This occurs when a near object blocks or partially obstructs an object that is farther away, creating the perception of depth. The other options listed (relative size, familiar size, and linear perspective) are also monocular depth cues identified by Leonardo da Vinci, but they are not directly related to occlusion.

Question 5

When an artist creates the illusion of depth in a painting, he or she does so by using
A) depth cues from stereoscopic vision.
B) binocular depth cues.
C) monocular depth cues.
D) depth cues from binocular disparity.

Accepted Answer

The artist creates the illusion of depth in a painting using monocular depth cues, such as linear perspective, size, and overlap. Monocular depth cues can be perceived with only one eye, and are often used in paintings to create a sense of three-dimensional space on a two-dimensional surface. Binocular depth cues and depth cues from binocular disparity require input from both eyes and are more important for perceiving depth in three-dimensional environments.

Question 6

According to the ________ model of conceptual processing, the recognition of patterns occurs because data are relayed from a lower level to a higher level of processing in the brain.
A) bottom-up processing
B) top-down processing
C) continuity
D) binocular disparity

Accepted Answer

The bottom-up processing model proposes that information is processed first at a lower sensory level and then gradually integrated into higher-level cognitive processes. This model suggests that the recognition of patterns occurs through the sequential processing of basic sensory features.

Question 7

People see the figure ( ) as an oval rather than two separate curving lines. Which Gestalt principle explains this outcome?
A) similarity
B) continuity
C) proximity
D) closure

Accepted Answer

The closure principle states that people tend to perceive incomplete figures as complete because their brains fill in the missing information, as is the case with the oval figure.

Question 8

When you are on a cliff far from the beach, the sand looks smooth and uniform. When you sit on the beach and look closely at the sand, you can see all the bumps and colors. This
Difference is an example of which depth cue?
A) occlusion
B) figure to ground
C) texture gradient
D) linear perspective

Accepted Answer

Texture gradient is the depth cue that refers to the variation in texture, color, and detail that occurs as we move farther away from an object. This makes the sand look smooth and uniform from far away but when looking closely from the beach, we can see all the bumps and colors due to the variation in texture, making it a good example of texture gradient.

Question 9

Daniel is learning how to read, and because the box just delivered to his door contains a pizza, he realizes that the unfamiliar word he sees on the box must be pizza. Daniel is using
A) bottom-up processing.
B) top-down processing.
C) grouping.
D) binocular disparity.

Accepted Answer

Daniel is using top-down processing because he is using his prior knowledge (that the box contains a pizza) to identify the word on the box.

Question 10

Binocular disparity is about
A) different views from each eye.
B) different textures of near and far objects.
C) similar views from different perspectives.
D) similar sizes of objects when they are in different contexts.

Accepted Answer

Binocular disparity refers to the difference in the images presented to the left and right eyes. This allows for depth perception and stereoscopic vision. Option B refers to texture gradient, option C refers to perspective, and option D refers to size constancy.

Question 11

This set of symbols $ +++++/ / / / / $would typically be perceived as two separate groups of characters. The Gestalt principle that explains this perception is
A) similarity.
B) continuity.
C) proximity.
D) closure.

Accepted Answer

The answer of This set of symbols \( +++++/ /...

Question 12

Which of the following phrases would be a good description of bottom-up processing?
A) "It is used when information is very complex."
B) "It requires information based on your past experiences."
C) "It accounts for human judgment."
D) "It is a very basic type of processing."

Accepted Answer

Bottom-up processing involves the analysis of sensory information from the environment to form a perception. It is a basic process that occurs without the influence of past experiences or expectations.

Question 13

Each eye sees more of the world on its own side of the visual field. A combination of the views from the two eyes creates the depth cue of
A) linear perspective.
B) texture gradients.
C) occlusion.
D) binocular disparity.

Accepted Answer

Binocular disparity is the depth cue created by the slight differences in the views seen by each eye, which are then combined by the brain to create a perception of depth. Linear perspective, texture gradients, and occlusion are all monocular cues that can contribute to depth perception when viewing a scene with only one eye.

Question 14

Jarvis is standing on the outside platform of the train station. He looks down the tracks, hoping to see his train. As the tracks get farther from him the two sides of the tracks will appear to________, providing the depth cue of ________.
A) remain parallel; linear perspective
B) converge; linear perspective
C) remain parallel; texture gradient
D) converge; texture gradient

Accepted Answer

As the tracks get farther from Jarvis, they will appear to converge, providing the depth cue of linear perspective. This is because of an optical illusion known as the Ponzo illusion, where objects appear larger when they are closer and smaller when they are farther away. The railroad tracks provide converging lines in the visual field, which give the impression of depth and distance.

Question 15

Consider the letters XPY ZWO LRG. People tend to perceive this pattern as three groups of letters instead of a single group of letters because of the Gestalt principle known as
A) similarity.
B) continuity.
C) proximity.
D) closure.

Accepted Answer

The Gestalt principle of proximity states that elements that are close to each other are perceived as a group. In the given letters, the letters in each group are closer to each other than to the letters in the other groups, leading to the perception of three separate groups of letters.

Question 16

If the muscles of one of your eyes becomes paralyzed, making it impossible to change the point of focus of that eye, which kind of depth cue will become unavailable to you?
A) linear perspective
B) binocular disparity
C) occlusion
D) texture gradients

Accepted Answer

Binocular disparity relies on the two eyes pointing at slightly different angles to create the perception of depth. If one eye is paralyzed and unable to change its point of focus, this depth cue would no longer be available.

Question 17

Reversible figures occur because
A) Gestalt laws do not apply to them.
B) the figures contain internally contradictory cues.
C) the correct assignment of figure and ground is ambiguous.
D) sensory information leads to different cognitive interpretations.

Accepted Answer

Reversible figures occur because the correct assignment of figure and ground is ambiguous. This creates uncertainty in perception, and one's interpretation can flip back and forth between different possibilities. The internal cues of the figure are equally compatible with being part of the background and vice versa. This creates a perceptual dilemma, where the brain cannot confidently resolve the figure-ground relationship.

Question 18

Scotty makes dinner by looking at his ingredients and then combining them into a meal. Scotty is cooking in a ________ manner.
A) bottom-up
B) top-down
C) binocular
D) monocular

Accepted Answer

Scotty's method of looking at available ingredients and then deciding what meal to make is a bottom-up approach. This process starts with specific details (ingredients) and builds up to a final product (meal), which is characteristic of bottom-up processing.

Question 19

The major problem to be explained by depth perception is that
A) the environment contains too few depth cues.
B) there are no receptor cells that are selective for depth.
C) there are no cells in the primary visual cortex that are selective for depth.
D) the retina input is two-dimensional.

Accepted Answer

The retina input is two-dimensional, meaning that it only receives information about the location of objects on a flat surface. Depth perception must be explained because this two-dimensional input does not contain enough information to accurately perceive the distance between objects in the environment.

Question 20

Jahrel stares at a blue image for some time and then looks away at a white sheet of paper. According to opponent-process theory, what color will Jahrel see as an after-image?
A) yellow
B) blue
C) green
D) red

Accepted Answer

According to the opponent-process theory, the color blue is paired with yellow. Therefore, after staring at a blue image, the after-image seen on a white background would appear yellow due to the way our visual system adapts and responds to prolonged exposure to certain colors.

Quiz 5: Sensation and Perception

The first psychologists to emphasize the organizing processes underlying perception were the

If you close one eye, you will still be able to use as a depth cue, but you will NOT be able to use as a depth cue.

According to ________, we perceive a car as a whole unit rather than perceiving it as a group of distinct entities (such as metal, tires, glass, door handles, hubcaps, and fenders) .

Leonardo da Vinci identified many monocular depth cues, including ________, in which a near object blocks an object that is farther away.

When an artist creates the illusion of depth in a painting, he or she does so by using

According to the ________ model of conceptual processing, the recognition of patterns occurs because data are relayed from a lower level to a higher level of processing in the brain.

People see the figure ( ) as an oval rather than two separate curving lines. Which Gestalt principle explains this outcome?

When you are on a cliff far from the beach, the sand looks smooth and uniform. When you sit on the beach and look closely at the sand, you can see all the bumps and colors. This Difference is an example of which depth cue?

Daniel is learning how to read, and because the box just delivered to his door contains a pizza, he realizes that the unfamiliar word he sees on the box must be pizza. Daniel is using

Binocular disparity is about

This set of symbols $+++++/ / / / /$ would typically be perceived as two separate groups of characters. The Gestalt principle that explains this perception is

Which of the following phrases would be a good description of bottom-up processing?

Each eye sees more of the world on its own side of the visual field. A combination of the views from the two eyes creates the depth cue of

Jarvis is standing on the outside platform of the train station. He looks down the tracks, hoping to see his train. As the tracks get farther from him the two sides of the tracks will appear to, providing the depth cue of .

Consider the letters XPY ZWO LRG. People tend to perceive this pattern as three groups of letters instead of a single group of letters because of the Gestalt principle known as

If the muscles of one of your eyes becomes paralyzed, making it impossible to change the point of focus of that eye, which kind of depth cue will become unavailable to you?

Reversible figures occur because

Scotty makes dinner by looking at his ingredients and then combining them into a meal. Scotty is cooking in a ________ manner.

The major problem to be explained by depth perception is that

Jahrel stares at a blue image for some time and then looks away at a white sheet of paper. According to opponent-process theory, what color will Jahrel see as an after-image?