Question 1

Which style of attachment shown by 60-65 percent of infants indicates that they are readily comforted by the caregiver during times of distress and are comfortable playing in an unfamiliar environment as long as the caregiver is present?
A) insecure
B) ambivalent
C) avoidant
D) secure

Accepted Answer

This describes the secure attachment style, which is shown by 60-65% of infants.

Question 2

Your aunt, who has several bad habits, recently found out she is pregnant. What is the best advice you can give her?
A) Quit drinking and smoking immediately.
B) Quit smoking immediately, but an occasional drink is probably okay.
C) She has already harmed her fetus.
D) She can smoke and drink when the baby is in the fetal period.

Accepted Answer

Quitting smoking and drinking immediately is the best course of action to minimize harm to the fetus. Continued use of these substances can lead to a range of negative outcomes, including premature birth, low birth weight, and developmental problems. It's important to prioritize the health of the baby and take steps to ensure a healthy pregnancy.

Question 3

Sonya's parents have been encouraging her to walk for several months by standing her up and holding her hands. Paul's parents have let him achieve motor milestones on his own, without encouraging or helping him. The fact that Sonya and Paul both started walking independently at about the same age can be best explained by
A) sensorimotor development.
B) prenatal development.
C) maturation.
D) object permanence.

Accepted Answer

The fact that Sonya and Paul both started walking at about the same age suggests that motor development is primarily driven by maturation rather than environmental factors such as parental encouragement. Maturation refers to the genetically programmed process of growth and development that unfolds in the absence of specific environmental influences.

Question 4

While he is in the waiting room at the doctor's office, Arthur tries to classify infants' attachment based on their behavior. He is certain that the baby girl sitting across from him is securely attached because she
A) explores the unfamiliar room and the objects in it while staying in view of her mother.
B) stays very close to her mother for support.
C) is fearful of any strangers who come into the room.
D) is not distressed when her mother leaves the room.

Accepted Answer

A securely attached infant feels comfortable exploring new environments and objects while staying close to their caregiver for reassurance. They are also able to separate from their caregiver without becoming overly distressed, knowing that they will return. Choice B describes an infant who is dependent on their mother for support, which is a sign of an insecure attachment. Choice C describes an infant who is anxious or avoidant towards strangers, which could be indicative of either an insecure or secure attachment depending on other behavior. Choice D describes an infant who is able to separate from their caregiver without becoming distressed, which is a sign of a secure attachment.

Question 5

Kara explains to her roommate why Harry Harlow's experiments were so important to explaining an infant's socio-emotional development. Kara correctly says that Harlow's results demonstrate that
A) providing food is more important than providing comforting contact.
B) food can be used as a method for tension reduction in the young.
C) comforting touch is more important than food, particularly when an infant is stressed.
D) infants become distressed when a mother provides comfort but not food.

Accepted Answer

Harry Harlow's experiments demonstrated that comforting touch is more important than food, particularly when an infant is stressed. His results showed that infant monkeys would choose a comforting cloth mother over a wire mother that provided food but no comfort, and that this preference for comfort had long-term effects on the monkeys' socio-emotional development. This has important implications for understanding human-infant attachment and the importance of caregiving behaviors that provide both comfort and sustenance.

Question 6

Ralph's infant daughter was born with a preventable birth defect because she was exposed to a teratogen. Ralph's daughter may have all of the following EXCEPT
A) high birth weight.
B) an intellectual disability.
C) fetal alcohol syndrome.
D) blindness.

Accepted Answer

A high birth weight is not typically associated with exposure to a teratogen. The other options, intellectual disability, fetal alcohol syndrome, and blindness, are all potential outcomes of teratogen exposure.

Question 7

Marcia's baby is just starting to eat solid food, and like all babies, he prefers certain tastes. Which of the following mashed foods is the baby most likely to want to eat?
A) peas
B) bananas
C) potatoes
D) rice

Accepted Answer

Bananas are naturally sweet and have a mild flavor, making them appealing to babies who are just starting to eat solid foods. Peas, potatoes, and rice may be more bland or have a stronger taste that the baby may not enjoy as much initially.

Question 8

Rick and Stacy want to get a stimulating mobile for their newborn daughter's crib. If they want the baby to pay attention to the mobile, which of the following sounds should they record to play in the mobile?
A) low-pitched noises
B) Rick's voice
C) loud noises
D) Stacy's voice

Accepted Answer

The answer of Rick and Stacy want to get a...

Question 9

Your friend Phia is one month pregnant. You tell her to eliminate any exposure to teratogens right now, because they could harm the embryo. When she asks what they could do to the embryo, you say that, right now, the teratogens could cause problems with
A) emotional development.
B) structural development of the baby's spine or brain.
C) intellectual development.
D) structural development of the baby's external genitalia.

Accepted Answer

Teratogens can cause physical birth defects and structural abnormalities in the developing fetus, including those affecting the spine and brain.

Question 10

Sharon notices that her baby grasps her finger every time she places it in her infant's palm. Which of the following is an explanation for why her baby shows this reflex?
A) It helps babies survive.
B) It is a new genetic adaptation.
C) It helps speed up development.
D) It protects the baby from overstimulation.

Accepted Answer

This is known as the grasp reflex, which helps babies survive by allowing them to hold onto their caregivers and avoid falling or being dropped.

Question 11

Your best friend had a baby two weeks ago. She is excited because the baby smiled at birth, and she believes that the smiling indicated attachment. You know the truth is that
A) newborns can smile from birth and this indicates attachment.
B) newborns smile whenever they have pleasurable feelings.
C) babies can smile even before birth.
D) babies typically do not show social smiles until four to six weeks of age.

Accepted Answer

While newborns may have reflexive smiles, social smiles (smiles in response to social interaction) typically do not occur until four to six weeks of age. Therefore, it is unlikely that the baby's smile at birth indicated attachment.

Question 12

Nicholas is an infant researcher and wants to use the strange-situation test in his work. Nicholas is most likely interested in seeing
A) how infants respond to separation and reunion with their caregivers.
B) an infant's tendency to seek or avoid novelty.
C) a mother's response to a fearful infant.
D) the level of social interaction with which an infant is comfortable.

Accepted Answer

The strange-situation test is designed to observe how infants respond to separation and reunion with their caregivers. It is used to assess the quality of attachment between an infant and their primary caregiver.

Question 13

Elizabeth is going to decorate her newborn's room and wants the baby to be able to see the decorations. Which of the following should she use to decorate?
A) wallpaper covered in small blue butterflies
B) a large picture with pastel flowers in a field
C) curtains with red, blue, and yellow cars for the window
D) a wall hanging with a large black-and-white checked fabric

Accepted Answer

Newborns can see high-contrast patterns best, such as black-and-white checked fabric, because their vision is not fully developed to see colors and detailed patterns clearly.

Question 14

Brian has three children with very different personality traits. Even with such different personality traits, Brian sees strong maturation effects. Which of the following has Brian most likely observed?
A) All three children learned to walk at about 12 months of age.
B) Two of the three children did not crawl.
C) One of his children did not have the grasping reflex.
D) All three children preferred to sleep with the lights on.

Accepted Answer

Maturation effects refer to innate changes that occur with development, such as the ability to walk, which typically occurs around 12 months of age in most children. The other options given (B, C, and D) are variations in behavior or reflexes that may be influenced by environmental or individual factors, and therefore would not necessarily be considered maturation effects.

Question 15

Dr. Keshari examined newborn baby Arly for the grasping reflex during his first checkup. What behavior was Dr. Keshari looking for?
A) Arly opened his mouth when the corner of his mouth was stroked.
B) Arly began moving his legs when he was held upright with his feet touching the floor.
C) Arly automatically curled his fingers when his palm was stroked.
D) Arly automatically closed his mouth and began to suck when the tip of a finger touched his lower lip.

Accepted Answer

The grasping reflex is the automatic curling of an infant's fingers around an object that touches their palm. Therefore, Dr. Keshari was looking for Arly's fingers to curl when his palm was stroked. Option A describes the rooting reflex, option B describes the stepping reflex, and option D describes the sucking reflex.

Question 16

Lila is not an alcoholic and never drinks to excess. However, she does have wine with dinner every evening. When Lila is two weeks pregnant, she asks you whether this can injure her baby. What correct response can you give her?
A) Because she does not drink to excess, wine will probably not injure the baby.
B) Because she drinks every day, her body is used to it and wine will not hurt the baby.
C) She should stop drinking wine completely until after the baby is born.
D) She should only drink once a week since a small amount of wine cannot do any harm.

Accepted Answer

The safest option for Lila and her baby is to stop drinking wine completely until after the baby is born. It is not proven that a small amount of wine cannot harm the baby, and since Lila is already pregnant, it is important to take precautions and avoid any potential risks.

Question 17

Helen keeps her new baby boy well fed and clean. However, she does not want to spoil him, so she does not hold him or touch him too much. After reading about Harry Harlow's research, Helen now knows that
A) humans are intelligent and their young can thrive even without being held.
B) babies need to be touched and held to develop normally.
C) infants prefer food more than comforting contact.
D) humans cannot form true attachments until they are 18 to 24 months old.

Accepted Answer

Harry Harlow's research showed that physical touch and comfort are essential for normal development in infants. Infants who are deprived of physical contact suffer from emotional and behavioral problems later in life. Therefore, it is important for Helen to hold and touch her baby to help him develop normally.

Question 18

Monique was born with an intellectual disability. Which of the following most likely caused this outcome?
A) Her mother used cocaine when she was pregnant.
B) She did not get enough folic acid in the womb.
C) She was exposed to mercury in the womb.
D) Her mother drank caffeine while pregnant.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Monique was born with an intellectual disability....

Question 19

Immediately after birth, Giada's son Maxwell was able to display the rooting reflex. Which of the following behaviors did Giada observe Maxwell doing?
A) When the corner of his mouth was stroked, Maxwell turned to search for food.
B) When the palm of his hand was stroked, Maxwell closed his fingers.
C) When he was laid on his back, Maxwell raised his head up.
D) When a nipple was placed in Maxwell's mouth, he began to suck.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Immediately after birth, Giada's son Maxwell was...

Question 20

John and Danielle want to get a stimulating mobile for their newborn son's crib. If they want him to see the objects, what should they attach to the strings?
A) pastel-colored stuffed animals
B) large black-and-white shapes
C) pictures of nature
D) brightly colored dolls

Accepted Answer

Newborns have limited color vision and are more responsive to high-contrast black and white patterns. Large black-and-white shapes will be more visible and stimulating for the baby compared to pastel-colored stuffed animals, pictures of nature, or brightly colored dolls.

Quiz 4: Development Across the Life Span

Which style of attachment shown by 60-65 percent of infants indicates that they are readily comforted by the caregiver during times of distress and are comfortable playing in an unfamiliar environment as long as the caregiver is present?

Your aunt, who has several bad habits, recently found out she is pregnant. What is the best advice you can give her?

While he is in the waiting room at the doctor's office, Arthur tries to classify infants' attachment based on their behavior. He is certain that the baby girl sitting across from him is securely attached because she

Kara explains to her roommate why Harry Harlow's experiments were so important to explaining an infant's socio-emotional development. Kara correctly says that Harlow's results demonstrate that

Ralph's infant daughter was born with a preventable birth defect because she was exposed to a teratogen. Ralph's daughter may have all of the following EXCEPT

Marcia's baby is just starting to eat solid food, and like all babies, he prefers certain tastes. Which of the following mashed foods is the baby most likely to want to eat?

Rick and Stacy want to get a stimulating mobile for their newborn daughter's crib. If they want the baby to pay attention to the mobile, which of the following sounds should they record to play in the mobile?

Your friend Phia is one month pregnant. You tell her to eliminate any exposure to teratogens right now, because they could harm the embryo. When she asks what they could do to the embryo, you say that, right now, the teratogens could cause problems with

Sharon notices that her baby grasps her finger every time she places it in her infant's palm. Which of the following is an explanation for why her baby shows this reflex?

Your best friend had a baby two weeks ago. She is excited because the baby smiled at birth, and she believes that the smiling indicated attachment. You know the truth is that

Nicholas is an infant researcher and wants to use the strange-situation test in his work. Nicholas is most likely interested in seeing

Elizabeth is going to decorate her newborn's room and wants the baby to be able to see the decorations. Which of the following should she use to decorate?

Brian has three children with very different personality traits. Even with such different personality traits, Brian sees strong maturation effects. Which of the following has Brian most likely observed?

Dr. Keshari examined newborn baby Arly for the grasping reflex during his first checkup. What behavior was Dr. Keshari looking for?

Lila is not an alcoholic and never drinks to excess. However, she does have wine with dinner every evening. When Lila is two weeks pregnant, she asks you whether this can injure her baby. What correct response can you give her?

Helen keeps her new baby boy well fed and clean. However, she does not want to spoil him, so she does not hold him or touch him too much. After reading about Harry Harlow's research, Helen now knows that

Monique was born with an intellectual disability. Which of the following most likely caused this outcome?

Immediately after birth, Giada's son Maxwell was able to display the rooting reflex. Which of the following behaviors did Giada observe Maxwell doing?

John and Danielle want to get a stimulating mobile for their newborn son's crib. If they want him to see the objects, what should they attach to the strings?