Question 1

Which of the following would be a part of your declarative memory system?
A)knowing how to ride a bicycle
B)knowing how to drive a car
C)knowing how to react to a red light
D)being able to name a hybrid car

Accepted Answer

Declarative memory involves facts and information that can be consciously recalled, such as naming objects or facts. Knowing how to ride a bicycle, drive a car, or react to a red light involves procedural memory, which is part of the non-declarative memory system and relates to skills and actions.

Question 2

In Collins and Loftus's spreading activation theory,very similar concepts ______.
A)have only one connecting link
B)have many connecting links
C)are placed close to each other
D)are placed close to each other and have many connecting links

Accepted Answer

In Collins and Loftus's spreading activation theory, very similar concepts are placed close to each other in the mental network and have many connecting links, facilitating easier and quicker access to related concepts.

Question 3

Contrary to the predictions of hierarchical models,Rips,Shoben,and Smith have found that people can verify the statement "A pig is an animal" faster than ______.
A)"A pig is a mammal"
B)"A dog is an animal"
C)"A pig is actually very clean"
D)"A pig is a bird"

Accepted Answer

Hierarchical models suggest that people process information through a structured hierarchy, where broader categories (like "animal") are recognized before more specific ones (like "mammal"). However, Rips, Shoben, and Smith's findings indicate that people can more quickly identify a pig as an animal than as a mammal, challenging the hierarchical model's assumption about processing speed based on category specificity.

Question 4

According to Collins and Quillian,the statement "Siamese cats have blue eyes" will be verified ______.(Assume that having blue eyes is unique to Siamese cats. )
A)slower than "Siamese cats give birth to live young"
B)faster than "Siamese cats give birth to live young"
C)in the same amount of time as "Siamese cats give birth to live young"
D)slower than "Siamese cats have tails"

Accepted Answer

Collins and Quillian's model predicts that the verification time for a statement will be faster if the property is more typical of the category. In this case, having blue eyes is a more typical property of Siamese cats than giving birth to live young, so the statement "Siamese cats have blue eyes" will be verified faster.

Question 5

According to Anderson,procedural memory represents information such as ______.
A)words
B)pictures
C)production rules
D)words and pictures

Accepted Answer

Procedural memory, according to Anderson, is concerned with the storage and retrieval of the steps or procedures involved in tasks and actions, such as riding a bike or tying shoelaces. It is represented by "production rules," which are if-then statements that guide behavior and decision-making processes.

Question 6

According to the typicality effect,the statement "A dog is a household pet" should be verified faster than ______.
A)"A poodle is a household pet"
B)"A dog is a living thing"
C)"A ferret is a household pet"
D)"A dog is an animal"

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the typicality effect,the statement "A...

Question 7

Properties and facts are stored at the highest level possible,according to the principle of ______.
A)encoding specificity
B)connectionism
C)cognitive economy
D)typicality

Accepted Answer

The principle of cognitive economy suggests that properties and facts are stored at the highest level possible in a hierarchical system to minimize redundancy and maximize efficiency in information storage and retrieval.

Question 8

Collins and Quillian's hierarchical network model would predict that which of the following statements would take the LONGEST time to verify about Boo,a pet dog?
A)Boo is a Pomeranian.
B)Boo has a popular Facebook page.
C)Boo is a dog.
D)Boo is a living thing.

Accepted Answer

According to Collins and Quillian's hierarchical network model, the time it takes to verify a statement about a concept increases with the distance between the concept in question and the property to be verified in the hierarchical structure. Since "Boo is a living thing" is a more general property and likely further away in the hierarchy from the concept "Boo, a pet dog" than the more specific properties, it would take the longest time to verify.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT one of the memory systems postulated by ACT?
A)semantic memory
B)declarative memory
C)working memory
D)procedural memory

Accepted Answer

ACT (Adaptive Control of Thought) theory distinguishes between declarative memory (facts and information) and procedural memory (skills and procedures) but does not specifically categorize semantic memory as a separate system within this theory. Semantic memory is often considered a type of declarative memory in broader psychological theories.

Question 10

According to ACT models,______ memory represents information in if-then production rules.
A)working
B)procedural
C)episodic
D)declarative

Accepted Answer

Procedural memory in ACT (Adaptive Control of Thought) models is represented in if-then production rules, which are used to describe how to perform different tasks or actions.

Question 11

In Anderson's ACT model,that part of declarative memory that is very highly activated at any particular moment is called ______ memory.
A)procedural
B)iconic
C)working
D)declarative

Accepted Answer

Working memory, in the context of Anderson's ACT model, refers to the part of declarative memory that is highly activated at any given moment, allowing for immediate use and processing of information.

Question 12

ACT models distinguish among three types of memory systems,namely ______.
A)working memory,episodic memory,and declarative memory
B)semantic memory,episodic memory,and procedural memory
C)procedural memory,declarative memory,and semantic memory
D)working memory,declarative memory,and procedural memory

Accepted Answer

ACT (Adaptive Control of Thought) models distinguish among working memory, declarative memory, and procedural memory.

Question 13

Collins and Loftus's spreading activation theory differs from the hierarchical network theory in that it ______.
A)dispenses with the idea of cognitive economy
B)relies on the assumption of hierarchical structure
C)cannot account for the typicality effect
D)makes stronger predictions than hierarchical models

Accepted Answer

Collins and Loftus's spreading activation theory differs from the hierarchical network theory by dispensing with the idea of cognitive economy. Instead of a strict hierarchical structure, it suggests that concepts are connected in a network based on their associative strength, allowing for a more flexible and dynamic model of memory retrieval and organization.

Question 14

The word superiority effect is related to the idea of ______.
A)cognitive economy
B)schemata
C)typicality
D)spreading activation

Accepted Answer

The answer of The word superiority effect is related to...

Question 15

Conrad has found evidence that the statement "A shark can move" can be verified in the same amount of time as "An animal can move." These results suggest that reaction time is best predicted by______.
A)cognitive economy
B)frequency of association
C)encoding specificity
D)episodic memory

Accepted Answer

The evidence suggests that reaction time is influenced by the frequency of association, as both statements are verified in the same amount of time, indicating a strong associative link.

Question 16

According to the notion of cognitive economy,a characteristic like "has wings" would be stored along with which of the following semantic memory nodes?
A)bird
B)ostrich
C)robin
D)hummingbird

Accepted Answer

The notion of cognitive economy in semantic memory suggests that information is stored at the highest possible level to minimize redundancy. Therefore, a characteristic like "has wings" would be stored with the general category "bird," rather than with specific instances such as ostrich, robin, or hummingbird. This allows for efficient organization and retrieval of information.

Question 17

Priming in lexical decision tasks may be explained by the idea of ______.
A)episodic memory
B)encoding specificity
C)spreading activation
D)typicality effects

Accepted Answer

Priming in lexical decision tasks is best explained by the concept of spreading activation. This theory suggests that when a word is recognized, it activates related words or concepts in the memory network, making them easier to recognize subsequently.

Question 18

Which of the following would be a part of your procedural memory system?
A)knowing that the Baseball Hall of Fame is in Cooperstown,New York
B)knowing the lifetime batting average of Ted Williams
C)knowing how to swing a baseball bat
D)being able to remember the ball and strike count of the current pitch

Accepted Answer

Procedural memory is a type of long-term memory involved in the learning of motor skills and actions. Knowing how to swing a baseball bat is an example of a motor skill, which is stored in procedural memory.

Question 19

Initially,the connections between units in a connectionist model have weights that are set at ______.
A)0
B)1
C)random
D)a negative value

Accepted Answer

Initially, the connections between units in a connectionist model (such as neural networks) are typically set to random values. This randomness helps in breaking the symmetry and ensures that the model can learn diverse features during training.

Question 20

Studies of semantic memory have shown that in a lexical decision task,people are faster at responding to the stimulus "bread" if it is paired with a stimulus such as ______.
A)"rencle"
B)"dog"
C)"island"
D)"butter"

Accepted Answer

In a lexical decision task, people are faster at responding to semantically related words. "Bread" and "butter" are semantically related as they are often used together in the context of food, making it easier for the brain to process and recognize the connection between the two, leading to faster response times.

Quiz 8: Knowledge Representation: Storing and Organizing

Which of the following would be a part of your declarative memory system?

In Collins and Loftus's spreading activation theory,very similar concepts ______.

Contrary to the predictions of hierarchical models,Rips,Shoben,and Smith have found that people can verify the statement "A pig is an animal" faster than ______.

According to Collins and Quillian,the statement "Siamese cats have blue eyes" will be verified ______.(Assume that having blue eyes is unique to Siamese cats. )

According to Anderson,procedural memory represents information such as ______.

According to the typicality effect,the statement "A dog is a household pet" should be verified faster than ______.

Properties and facts are stored at the highest level possible,according to the principle of ______.

Collins and Quillian's hierarchical network model would predict that which of the following statements would take the LONGEST time to verify about Boo,a pet dog?

Which of the following is NOT one of the memory systems postulated by ACT?

According to ACT models,______ memory represents information in if-then production rules.

In Anderson's ACT model,that part of declarative memory that is very highly activated at any particular moment is called ______ memory.

ACT models distinguish among three types of memory systems,namely ______.

Collins and Loftus's spreading activation theory differs from the hierarchical network theory in that it ______.

The word superiority effect is related to the idea of ______.

Conrad has found evidence that the statement "A shark can move" can be verified in the same amount of time as "An animal can move." These results suggest that reaction time is best predicted by______.

According to the notion of cognitive economy,a characteristic like "has wings" would be stored along with which of the following semantic memory nodes?

Priming in lexical decision tasks may be explained by the idea of ______.

Which of the following would be a part of your procedural memory system?

Initially,the connections between units in a connectionist model have weights that are set at ______.

Studies of semantic memory have shown that in a lexical decision task,people are faster at responding to the stimulus "bread" if it is paired with a stimulus such as ______.