Deck 8: Knowledge Representation: Storing and Organizing

Question 1

Which of the following would be a part of your declarative memory system?

A)knowing how to ride a bicycle
B)knowing how to drive a car
C)knowing how to react to a red light
D)being able to name a hybrid car

Answer 1

being able to name a hybrid car

Question 2

In Collins and Loftus's spreading activation theory,very similar concepts ______.

A)have only one connecting link
B)have many connecting links
C)are placed close to each other
D)are placed close to each other and have many connecting links

Answer 2

are placed close to each other and have many connecting links

Question 3

Contrary to the predictions of hierarchical models,Rips,Shoben,and Smith have found that people can verify the statement "A pig is an animal" faster than ______.

A)"A pig is a mammal"
B)"A dog is an animal"
C)"A pig is actually very clean"
D)"A pig is a bird"

Answer 3

"A pig is a mammal"

Question 4

According to Collins and Quillian,the statement "Siamese cats have blue eyes" will be verified ______.(Assume that having blue eyes is unique to Siamese cats. )

A)slower than "Siamese cats give birth to live young"
B)faster than "Siamese cats give birth to live young"
C)in the same amount of time as "Siamese cats give birth to live young"
D)slower than "Siamese cats have tails"

Question 5

According to Anderson,procedural memory represents information such as ______.

A)words
B)pictures
C)production rules
D)words and pictures

Question 6

According to the typicality effect,the statement "A dog is a household pet" should be verified faster than ______.

A)"A poodle is a household pet"
B)"A dog is a living thing"
C)"A ferret is a household pet"
D)"A dog is an animal"

Question 7

Properties and facts are stored at the highest level possible,according to the principle of ______.

A)encoding specificity
B)connectionism
C)cognitive economy
D)typicality

Question 8

Collins and Quillian's hierarchical network model would predict that which of the following statements would take the LONGEST time to verify about Boo,a pet dog?

A)Boo is a Pomeranian.
B)Boo has a popular Facebook page.
C)Boo is a dog.
D)Boo is a living thing.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT one of the memory systems postulated by ACT?

A)semantic memory
B)declarative memory
C)working memory
D)procedural memory

Question 10

According to ACT models,______ memory represents information in if-then production rules.

A)working
B)procedural
C)episodic
D)declarative

Question 11

In Anderson's ACT model,that part of declarative memory that is very highly activated at any particular moment is called ______ memory.

A)procedural
B)iconic
C)working
D)declarative

Question 12

ACT models distinguish among three types of memory systems,namely ______.

A)working memory,episodic memory,and declarative memory
B)semantic memory,episodic memory,and procedural memory
C)procedural memory,declarative memory,and semantic memory
D)working memory,declarative memory,and procedural memory

Question 13

Collins and Loftus's spreading activation theory differs from the hierarchical network theory in that it ______.

A)dispenses with the idea of cognitive economy
B)relies on the assumption of hierarchical structure
C)cannot account for the typicality effect
D)makes stronger predictions than hierarchical models

Question 14

The word superiority effect is related to the idea of ______.

A)cognitive economy
B)schemata
C)typicality
D)spreading activation

Question 15

Conrad has found evidence that the statement "A shark can move" can be verified in the same amount of time as "An animal can move." These results suggest that reaction time is best predicted by______.

A)cognitive economy
B)frequency of association
C)encoding specificity
D)episodic memory

Question 16

According to the notion of cognitive economy,a characteristic like "has wings" would be stored along with which of the following semantic memory nodes?

A)bird
B)ostrich
C)robin
D)hummingbird

Question 17

Priming in lexical decision tasks may be explained by the idea of ______.

A)episodic memory
B)encoding specificity
C)spreading activation
D)typicality effects

Question 18

Which of the following would be a part of your procedural memory system?

A)knowing that the Baseball Hall of Fame is in Cooperstown,New York
B)knowing the lifetime batting average of Ted Williams
C)knowing how to swing a baseball bat
D)being able to remember the ball and strike count of the current pitch

Question 19

Initially,the connections between units in a connectionist model have weights that are set at ______.

A)0
B)1
C)random
D)a negative value

Question 20

Studies of semantic memory have shown that in a lexical decision task,people are faster at responding to the stimulus "bread" if it is paired with a stimulus such as ______.

A)"rencle"
B)"dog"
C)"island"
D)"butter"

Question 21

Which of the following is true regarding schemata?

A)A schema refers to something smaller and more specific than a concept.
B)Schemata are passive rather than active.
C)A schema contains only fixed parts,never variables.
D)Schemata can indicate relationships among various pieces of information.

Question 22

According to the ______ view of concepts,people categorize new instances by comparing them to representations of previously stored instances.

A)classical
B)prototype
C)exemplar
D)schema

Question 23

Which of the following is a good example of a superordinate level of categorization?

A)apple
B)banana
C)fruit
D)Golden Delicious apple

Question 24

In Reber's studies of nonanalytic concept formation in which participants attempted to learn to categorize letter strings derived from complex "grammars," ______.

A)participants who learned letter strings that followed the grammar made fewer errors than control participants learning random strings
B)participants who were told that the letter strings followed complex rules performed better than did those participants who did not know this
C)the best performance came from participants who successfully figured out the rule for generating the letter strings
D)memorizing exemplars was an ineffective strategy in category learning

Question 25

Studies of concept usage have shown all of the following EXCEPT ______.

A)people judge different members of a category to vary in "goodness"
B)subjects are more likely to list typical instances than atypical instances when asked to list instances of a concept
C)highly typical instances of a category lead to better semantic priming than atypical instances
D)there is high agreement between subjects on judgments such as "Do BOOKENDS belong to the category FURNITURE?"

Question 26

You might have a "script" for ______.

A)what a classroom looks like
B)what a "pet" is
C)what a "cat" is
D)what happens when you go to the barber/hairstylist

Question 27

Which of the following is NOT TRUE of the classical view of concepts?

A)It proposes that concepts are mentally represented by lists of features.
B)It assumes that membership in a category is clear-cut.
C)It accurately predicts the typicality effect.
D)"Necessary" and "sufficient" features play an important role in the theory.

Question 28

Rumelhart and Ortony viewed ______ as the fundamental building blocks of cognition.

A)ideas
B)concepts
C)schemata
D)chunks

Question 29

Which of the following factors does NOT encourage a person to store information about particular exemplars,according to Brooks?

A)The task requires one to learn information that distinguishes between individual instances.
B)Instances appear repeatedly during the learning situation.
C)The relevant dimensions of the stimuli are not obvious.
D)We know in advance how we will be called upon to use our newly acquired information later.

Question 30

Which of the following poses a problem for the prototype view of concepts?

A)an inability to explain the typicality effect
B)an inability to explain why people have a hard time providing strict definitions of their concepts
C)an inability to explain why some classifications are easy to make and others are unclear
D)an inability to explain why the typicality of a particular instance can depend upon context

Question 31

"Characteristic features" and "family resemblance" are important aspects of the ______ view of concepts.

A)classical
B)prototype
C)exemplar
D)schema

Question 32

A ______ is a mental representation of some object,event,or pattern.

A)category
B)concept
C)script
D)memory

Question 33

The schema view of concept formation assumes that ______.

A)there are clear boundaries among individual schemata
B)there is cognitive economy among concepts
C)information is abstracted across instances
D)no information is stored about actual instances

Question 34

If "soda" is a basic-level category,then ______ would be a subordinate level.

A)soft drink
B)beverage
C)drink
D)Coca-Cola

Question 35

Implicit learning is also known as ______.

A)analytic concept formation
B)nonanalytic concept formation
C)knowledge-based concept formation
D)nominal-kind learning

Question 36

Which of the following is a good example of a basic level of categorization?

A)musical instrument
B)piano
C)electronic keyboard
D)grand piano

Question 37

A ______ can be defined as a class of similar things that share either an essential core,or some similarity in perceptual,biological,or functional properties.

A)category
B)concept
C)script
D)schema

Question 38

The ______ view of concepts argues that concepts include representations of at least some individual instances and not only abstract summaries.

A)prototype
B)exemplar
C)schemata
D)both exemplar and schemata

Question 39

Which of the following is FALSE regarding a connectionist training "epoch"?

A)It begins by generating a random output.
B)Connection weights are initially set at random levels.
C)Generated output patterns are compared with target patterns.
D)Back propagation occurs over many trials.

Question 40

If "sandwich" is a basic-level category,then ______ would be a superordinate level.

A)BLT
B)food
C)sub
D)panini

Question 41

If information from a story is presented in scrambled order,people ______.

A)actually recall it better than if it had been presented in proper order,because they pay more attention to it
B)recall just as much information as if it had been presented in proper order
C)tend to recall it in the scripted order
D)cannot recall any of the details of the story

Question 42

Research on scripts has shown all of the following EXCEPT ______.

A)there is a high degree of agreement about the events of a script such as "going to a restaurant"
B)central concepts of a script are less well remembered than other events in a story,because they are taken for granted
C)there is a high level of agreement in description level for scripts
D)people often "recall" information in a story that was not actually in the story,but was part of the relevant script

Question 43

A form of concept creation in which you reorganizing and add to your existing concepts by comparing new instances to previously stored exemplars is known as ______.

A)explicit learning
B)implicit learning
C)explicit formation
D)implicit formation

Question 44

Of the following,which would NOT be an example of a natural-kind concept?

A)gold
B)tiger
C)water
D)game

Question 45

Which of the following would be considered an example of a "natural kind" concept?

A)blue
B)wolf
C)odd number
D)mirror

Question 46

Which of the following could most easily be defined under the classical view of concepts without complications?

A)triangle
B)bachelor
C)game
D)hope

Question 47

Experiments by Barton and Komatsu (1989)asked participants to consider transformations to different types of items.They found that participants were most sensitive to molecular changes to ______ and functional changes to ______.

A)nominal-kind items;natural-kind items
B)natural-kind items;nominal-kind items
C)natural-kind items;artifacts
D)artifacts;natural-kind items

Question 48

Of the following pairs of words,which would you expect to semantically prime each other the most?

A)dog;shrimp
B)soda;pencil
C)sun;house
D)bread;butter

Question 49

According to cognitive economy,you'd expect the greatest number of semantic connections to fall between nodes that are ______.

A)most similar
B)least similar
C)identical
D)in the same hierarchy

Question 50

The ______ view of concepts argues that a person uses his/her theories about the way the world works to justify the classification of instances in the same category.

A)knowledge-based
B)prototype
C)exemplar
D)schema

Question 51

A schema for a routine event,such as going to the dentist,is called a ______.

A)concept
B)category
C)exemplar
D)script

Question 52

When you go to a restaurant,you expect to be greeted by the hostess,have your order taken by the waiter,receive and eat your food,pay the check,and leave.This expectation is a ______.

A)prototype
B)node
C)script
D)lexicon

Question 53

Which of the following is most similar to how we think about the mental representation of "essences" under the view of psychological essentialism?

A)environment
B)DNA
C)memory
D)IQ

Question 54

Bower,Black,and Turner investigated people's use of scripts and found high agreement about ______.

A)characters described
B)actions mentioned
C)level of description
D)all of these

Question 55

Research conducted under the framework of "psychological essentialism" has suggested that we use ______ to classify natural-kind concepts.

A)necessary and sufficient features
B)family resemblance structures
C)only necessary features
D)a knowledge-based approach

Question 56

Which of the following would NOT be likely to be a part of your "restaurant" script?

A)giving your order to a waiter
B)picking up your fork
C)eating your salad
D)waiting for a table

Question 57

According to grounded cognition,your concept of "chair" would be comprised of which of the following?

A)a mental average of chairs
B)the memory of chairs you have seen
C)your understanding of the reason the chair was made
D)mental simulations of the feeling of sitting in a chair

Question 58

Concepts which are defined by their function in order to complete a task are most likely to be ______.

A)artifacts
B)nominal-kinds
C)natural-kinds
D)social-kinds

Question 59

Which of the following approaches would definitely NOT be characterized as a similarity-based approach to conceptual structure?

A)classical
B)knowledge-based
C)exemplar
D)prototype

Question 60

Which of the following is an example of a nominal-kind category?

A)triangle
B)gold
C)pencil
D)lion

Question 61

Differentiate a concept and a category.

A)Categories are real-world classes of things,and concepts are the mental representations of them.
B)Concepts are real-world classes of things,and categories are the mental representations of them.
C)Categories only include those things which naturally exist,while concepts can represent anything.
D)Concepts only include those things which naturally exist,while categories can represent anything.

Question 62

______ views of concepts involve matching or comparing features,while ______ views of concepts involve an understanding of real-world mechanisms.

A)Constructionist;ecological
B)Ecological;constructionist
C)Explanation-based;similarity-based
D)Similarity-based;explanation-based

Question 63

Which of the following would be considered a difficulty for similarity-based models of concepts?

A)Two objects can be defined as having many more similarities than differences but fall into different categories.
B)Two objects with some differences can still be considered part of the same category.
C)Two objects with fundamentally different underlying structures cannot be part of the same category.
D)Two objects that belong to the same category are sometimes viewed as better or worse members.

Question 64

You have encountered approximately 10 horses in your lifetime.You encounter a new,tall four legged animal with hair on its neck and a large snout.In order to determine whether it is in fact a "horse," you compare it to all the horses you have encountered before.It appears to match those horses on most features,and thus you decide it is in fact a "horse." This best represents which approach to concepts and categorization?

A)prototype theory
B)knowledge-based view
C)exemplar theory
D)classical view

Question 65

Of the following,which has most directly been used to support the idea of spreading activation?

A)Stroop task
B)dichotic listening task
C)perceptual masking task
D)lexical decision task

Question 66

Rosch and Mervis (1975)found that participants listed the most features or attributes for prototypical items at the ______ level.

A)basic
B)complex
C)superordinate
D)subordinate

Question 67

Under the ______ theory,your basis of comparison for categorization decisions need not be something that actually exists.

A)exemplar
B)prototype
C)schema
D)knowledge-based

Question 68

Of the following,which of these is NOT a model of concept formation and categorization?

A)psychological essentialism
B)connectionism
C)exemplar view
D)prototype view

Question 69

A mental dictionary containing all of our concepts is known as the ______.

A)protocon
B)lexicon
C)concepticon
D)exemplicon

Question 70

The purpose of concepts can best be characterized as organizing our ______ of the world.

A)imagination
B)attention
C)knowledge
D)emotions

Question 71

The ______ level of categorization includes category members that are maximally similar,while the ______ level of categorization maximizes the difference between category members.

A)basic;superordinate
B)basic;subordinate
C)superordinate;subordinate
D)subordinate;superordinate

Question 72

Knowledge-based views rely on examining ______ between instances while similarity-based views rely on examining ______ between instances.

A)reaction times;errors
B)memories;perceptions
C)sensations;intuitions
D)relationships;features

Question 73

Of the following,which relies on representations from our memory in order to make categorization decisions?

A)exemplar theory
B)prototype theory
C)schema theory
D)knowledge-based theory

Question 74

According to Medin (1989),you should make more accurate classifications based on the essence of a category if you ______.

A)know very little about the category or its essence
B)are required to make very subtle types of classifications
C)you are an expert on the category and its essence
D)the category has multiple essences

Question 75

Most people in North America would use a mental version of robin- or sparrow-like creature as their main basis for determining whether something was a "bird" or not.Things that were more like this representation would be more likely to be considered a "bird," and things that were less like this representation would be less likely to be considered a "bird." This best represents which approach to concepts and categorization?

A)exemplar theory
B)prototype theory
C)classical view
D)knowledge-based view

Question 76

The finding that we typically respond to or are more quickly to activate concepts we encounter often or are used to is known as the ______ effect.

A)expertise
B)schematic
C)prototype
D)typicality

Question 77

A knowledge-based view of concepts in which members of a category are assumed to share a similar underlying nature is ______.

A)psychological essentialism
B)the schemata view
C)nonanalytic concept formation
D)grounded cognition

Question 78

Under the psychological essentialist view,you would expect that members of a category should be ______ with respect to their observable properties.

A)relatively different
B)relatively similar
C)always identical
D)infinitely variable

Question 79

The ______ level of categorization includes our most commonly used concepts,and it is the level which provides an optimal level of information.

A)superordinate
B)subordinate
C)basic
D)complex

Question 80

From a historical perspective,which of the following models of concepts can trace its roots to the Greek philosopher Aristotle?

A)prototype theory
B)exemplar theory
C)knowledge-based view
D)classical view