Question 1

Suppose you are sitting in an art class, and you have been instructed to draw from memory the scene you see from a window in your own bedroom. Although you cannot actually see the top of a tree through the bedroom window, you still draw the complete tree. The error you have committed is called

Accepted Answer

Boundary extension is a memory error where individuals remember seeing a wider scene than was actually viewed, leading to the inclusion of areas beyond the view's boundaries, such as drawing the entire tree when only part of it is visible from the window.

Question 2

People are especially likely to remember schema-inconsistent material when

Accepted Answer

Schema-inconsistent material is more likely to be remembered because it is surprising and does not fit into existing cognitive frameworks or expectations, making it more memorable.

Question 3

Which of the following students provides the most accurate description of the way that boundary extension might operate in eyewitness testimony?

Accepted Answer

Augusto's description aligns with the concept of boundary extension, where individuals remember seeing beyond the actual limits of a viewed scene, such as imagining parts of a scene (like a face) that were not visible.

Question 4

In what way is the topic of boundary extension related to the topic of schemas?

Accepted Answer

Boundary extension and schemas both involve the process of filling in missing information based on our prior knowledge or expectations. Boundary extension refers to our tendency to remember having seen a wider scene than was actually presented, filling in information beyond the visual field's edges. Schemas involve our structured set of preconceived ideas that help us interpret and predict the world, including filling in gaps in our knowledge or memory. Both concepts demonstrate how our perceptions and memories are influenced by our expectations and prior knowledge.

Question 5

Suppose that you hear that Dr. Angela Smith is a clinical psychologist who uses schema therapy. You would expect that she is likely to work with clients by

Accepted Answer

Schema therapy focuses on identifying and changing unhelpful or maladaptive schemas (deeply held beliefs and patterns of thinking) with the aim of replacing them with healthier ones. This approach is used to help clients understand and alter problematic schemas that affect their behavior and emotions.

Question 6

Think about the various approaches to general knowledge, as discussed in Chapter 8. Which of these approaches is most closely related to the concept of boundary extension?

Accepted Answer

The schema approach is most closely related to the concept of boundary extension because boundary extension involves the tendency for people to remember having seen a wider scene than was actually viewed, which is influenced by their schemas or mental frameworks that help in organizing and interpreting information.

Question 7

Suppose that you attend a lecture in which a psychologist says, "Memory is created by gathering together and integrating information from a variety of sources. After a memory has been formed, we cannot accurately recall the source of each memory component." This speaker would be most likely to endorse the ______________ view of memory.

Accepted Answer

The psychologist's description aligns with the constructive view of memory, which posits that memories are constructed from integrating information from various sources, rather than being direct recordings of events. This view emphasizes that our recollections are not always accurate and can be influenced by the integration process.

Question 8

Which of the following concepts is most closely associated with the term schema?

Accepted Answer

Schemas are cognitive structures that help us organize and interpret information. They are closely related to heuristics, which are mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that simplify decision making.

Question 9

Suppose that some research participants are asked to remember a story. Furthermore, this story contains some particularly vivid and surprising material that is not consistent with a standard schema. The participants would be most likely

Accepted Answer

Schema-inconsistent material, especially if it is vivid and surprising, tends to be more memorable than schema-consistent material. This is because it stands out as being different from what is expected, making it more likely to be recalled.

Question 10

People tend to recall the events in a script more accurately if

Accepted Answer

Identifying the script at the beginning helps individuals organize and understand the information, leading to better recall.

Question 11

Chapter 8 described a study in which participants stayed briefly in an office. Later, their recall showed that

Accepted Answer

Schemas are mental structures that help us organize and interpret information. They can influence our memory by making us more likely to remember information that fits into our existing schemas. In the study described, participants were more likely to recall objects and events that were consistent with their schema of an office, demonstrating how schemas can shape our memory recall.

Question 12

According to research on memory for interrelated sentences,

Accepted Answer

Research on memory for interrelated sentences shows that people often recall hearing sentences that were never actually presented, due to the integration of related information and the creation of false memories.

Question 13

Suppose that a researcher conducts a study on schemas. The results demonstrate that the participants blended information together from several sentences, rather than remembering the exact wording of each sentence. These results would support the

Accepted Answer

The constructive model of memory suggests that memory is not a perfect playback of experiences but rather a reconstruction that can be influenced by various factors, including schemas. The finding that participants blended information from several sentences supports this model, as it shows memory to be a constructive process where details are integrated and reconstructed, rather than a verbatim recording.

Question 14

Imagine that you are taking an art history course. You're thinking about a painting that you liked, especially because the artist captured a woman's facial expression very skillfully. You remember that you saw this woman's entire face, but then you check the painting. Actually, part of her face is hidden from view. What concept in the description of schemas is most similar to this incident?

Accepted Answer

Boundary extension is a phenomenon where people remember seeing more of a scene than was actually shown, extending beyond the boundaries of the visual scene. In this case, remembering seeing the entire face when part of it was hidden aligns with boundary extension.

Question 15

Suppose that you want to bring your car to a garage for repairs. This procedure requires you to call for an appointment, drive to the appropriate location, leave your keys, and arrange for a time when you will return for your car. Cognitive psychologists call this sequence of actions

Accepted Answer

A script in cognitive psychology refers to a predetermined, stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation, like bringing a car to a garage for repairs. It helps individuals navigate familiar tasks by providing a framework of what to expect and how to act.

Question 16

According to the constructive model of memory,

Accepted Answer

The constructive model of memory suggests that people integrate information from individual sentences to form more complex ideas, rather than just storing sentences as isolated units.

Question 17

If you are buying concert tickets at a box office, there are certain procedures and interactions that occur in a standard fashion. This sequence of events is known as

Accepted Answer

A script in psychology refers to a sequence of expected behaviors for a given situation, such as buying tickets at a box office, where there's a standard procedure of selecting a show, paying, and receiving tickets.

Question 18

According to the research on scripts,

Accepted Answer

Identifying a script at the beginning of a description helps organize information, enhancing recall by providing a framework for understanding the sequence of events.

Question 19

You walk into a movie theater lobby and are surprised to see a rack of clothing on sale in a corner. Your surprise is due to your _____ about movie theater lobbies.

Accepted Answer

Your surprise is due to your schema about movie theater lobbies, which are mental structures that hold your knowledge and expectations about places, objects, and events. Schemas help you understand and predict the world around you, and encountering something that doesn't fit your schema—like clothing for sale in a movie theater lobby—can be surprising.

Question 20

Suppose that a friend missed class and asks you to tell him, word for word, about the professor's description of the next assignment. Your description captures the basic message, even though none of your sentences are precisely what your professor said. This phenomenon is a good example of

Accepted Answer

Abstraction involves capturing the essential details of a message or concept while omitting specific, verbatim elements. In this scenario, conveying the basic message of the professor's description without using the exact words exemplifies abstraction.

Quiz 8: General Knowledge