Question 1

Chapter 10 pointed out that people who are working on a writing assignment are operating on a "full-time cognitive overload." This phrase suggests that

Accepted Answer

Writers engage all components of working memory and also draw upon long-term memory during the writing process, which contributes to the cognitive overload.

Question 2

According to the research about the writing process,

Accepted Answer

The components of working memory are all active during writing, as writing involves the coordination of various cognitive processes including planning, generating content, and reviewing, which necessitates the involvement of different components of working memory.

Question 3

Which of the following topics examines the pragmatic aspects of language?

Accepted Answer

Pragmatics is the branch of linguistics concerned with the use of language in social contexts and the ways in which people produce and comprehend meanings through language. The example of talking differently to a child than to an adult directly relates to pragmatic aspects of language, as it involves adapting language use based on social context and the relationship between speakers.

Question 4

Compared to speaking, writing is more likely

Accepted Answer

Writing is often performed in isolation, as it allows the writer to focus and think deeply about the content they are producing, unlike speaking, which is typically more interactive and social.

Question 5

Joan is eating lunch, and she says to Brad, "Can you pass the salt?" Brad replies "Yes, I can"; however, he doesn't actually pass the salt. What kind of miscommunication does this brief conversation suggest?

Accepted Answer

Brad's response indicates a pragmatic problem, where his literal interpretation of Joan's request fails to recognize the implied action she expected. Pragmatics involves understanding the intended meaning or action behind words used in communication, beyond their literal meaning.

Question 6

In discussing the social aspects of language, psycholinguistics researchers sometimes use a metaphor of two people dancing. Why is this metaphor appropriate?

Accepted Answer

The metaphor of two people dancing is appropriate because it highlights the need for coordination between individuals in a conversation, much like dancers must synchronize their movements to dance together effectively.

Question 7

A 17-year-old camp counselor is trying to teach a new game to 5- and 6-year-olds. He begins by asking, "OK, do any of you know some games where you look for things that are hidden?" His strategy would be called

Accepted Answer

The counselor is attempting to establish common ground by connecting the new game to experiences the children might already have, making it easier for them to understand and engage with the new activity.

Question 8

Researchers have compared people's spoken language with their written language. When people speak, they are:

Accepted Answer

When people speak, they are more likely to refer to themselves, often using pronouns like "I" or "we." This is because spoken language tends to be more personal and immediate than written language.

Question 9

Chapter 10 discussed a study by Clark and Wilkes-Gibbs in which two people try to communicate about the order in which various geometric figures are to be arranged. The research showed that

Accepted Answer

The study by Clark and Wilkes-Gibbs demonstrated that people involved in the task of arranging geometric figures developed a shorthand communication system over time, making their communication more efficient.

Question 10

Chapter 10 discussed Lakoff's concept of framing, in connection with language production. Which of the following options is the best example of a frame?

Accepted Answer

Frames are mental structures that shape the way we see the world. In the context of Lakoff's concept, a frame involves understanding one concept in terms of another. The example of having different ideas about the concept of "freedom" best illustrates this, as it implies that each person is applying their own mental structure or frame to understand what "freedom" means.

Question 11

The concept of common ground was discussed in connection with the social context of speech. Common ground means that

Accepted Answer

Common ground refers to the shared knowledge, beliefs, and assumptions between speakers, which facilitates understanding and communication. It means that for effective communication, the speakers need to have a basis of shared experiences or information.

Question 12

A third-grader calls out an answer in class, without raising his hand. The teacher says, "Is your arm broken, Johnny?" The teacher's remark can be called a(n)

Accepted Answer

The teacher's remark is an indirect request for Johnny to raise his hand before speaking, using a rhetorical question to imply the desired behavior without stating it directly.

Question 13

Which of the following students provides the best information about the term "embodied cognition"?

Accepted Answer

Elizaveta's answer is the best because it accurately describes the concept of embodied cognition, which proposes that our motor system can reveal our knowledge.

Question 14

A professor looks out at her class and notices that Jackie is falling asleep. She says loudly, "Wouldn't you be more comfortable in your own bed, Jackie?" The professor is using a kind of directive known as

Accepted Answer

The professor is using an indirect request by making a statement that implies a desire for Jackie to wake up and pay attention, rather than directly asking her to do so.

Question 15

Knowledge of the social rules of language is called

Accepted Answer

Pragmatics refers to the social rules that govern language use, including understanding the contexts in which certain language or expressions are appropriate.

Question 16

Which of the following students provides the best information related to the concept called common ground?

Accepted Answer

Ruth's statement aligns with the concept of common ground, which involves mutual understanding and the clarification of misunderstandings among communicators to ensure they are on the same page.

Question 17

Suppose that a psychology professor begins a lecture by saying, "OK, do you all remember the concept of 'ecological validity'?" The students all nod their heads. During this interaction, the professor was primarily interested in

Accepted Answer

The professor was establishing common ground by ensuring that the students remembered the concept of 'ecological validity,' which is a basis for further discussion or instruction. Establishing common ground is a fundamental aspect of effective communication, especially in educational settings, as it ensures that all participants have a shared understanding of the concepts being discussed.

Question 18

Chapter 10 discussed research in which two people need to work together to place some abstract shapes in a specified order. This research showed that:

Accepted Answer

People in the study quickly learned to create brief names for each abstract shape, which facilitated their communication and collaboration on the task. This demonstrates how individuals can establish efficient communication strategies even in abstract contexts.

Question 19

Compared to writing, speaking is more likely to

Accepted Answer

Speaking typically uses simpler syntax than writing because it happens in real-time and doesn't allow for the complex planning and revision that writing does.

Question 20

A sentence that asks someone to do something is called a

Accepted Answer

A directive sentence is used to give an order or instruction, asking someone to do something.

Quiz 10: Language Ii: Language Production and Bilingualism