Question 1

Social learning theory indicates that learning occurs from:
A) the association between one stimulus and another.
B) past reinforcement.
C) observing and imitating others.
D) responding to a particular stimulus.

Accepted Answer

Social learning theory emphasizes the importance of observation and imitation in the learning process. Individuals can learn new behaviors and responses by watching and copying the actions of others, rather than solely relying on their own experiences with reinforcement or association between stimuli.

Question 2

Danielle,age 14,dislikes school.Her parents were recently informed that Danielle has missed twelve days of school this quarter and has left school early on at least four occasions.Danielle's father has decided to drop his daughter off every morning and pick her up every afternoon to make sure she is attending school.Danielle is now attending school,but she has gotten into serious trouble on multiple occasions,leading to a five-day out-of-school suspension.Since Danielle dislikes school and prefers to skip rather than attend,the out-of-school suspension represents a:
A) reinforcement.
B) punishment.
C) conditioner.
D) norm.

Accepted Answer

The out-of-school suspension, in this context, acts as a reinforcement for Danielle's behavior of skipping school, as it aligns with her preference to not attend school. Reinforcement, in behavioral terms, refers to any consequence that strengthens or increases the likelihood of a behavior, and since Danielle prefers to avoid school, being suspended and staying out of school would likely reinforce her behavior of skipping school.

Question 3

A person observes the actions of others and copies them.Social learning theorists would call this an example of:
A) classical conditioning.
B) operant conditioning.
C) modeling.
D) cognition.

Accepted Answer

Observing the actions of others and copying them is known as modeling, which is a key concept in social learning theory. Classical conditioning involves learning a new response to a previously neutral stimulus through pairing it with another stimulus that already elicits the response, whereas operant conditioning involves learning through consequences of behavior. Cognition refers to mental processes such as thinking and reasoning.

Question 4

Any consequence that follows a behavior and makes a person likely to repeat that behavior is called a(n):
A) punishment.
B) condition.
C) reinforcement.
D) observation.

Accepted Answer

A consequence that follows a behavior and makes a person likely to repeat that behavior is called reinforcement. Reinforcement strengthens a behavior and increases the likelihood that it will be repeated in the future. Punishment, on the other hand, weakens a behavior and decreases the likelihood that it will be repeated. A "condition" is a broad term that can refer to various factors that influence behavior. Observation is the act of watching and gathering information.

Question 5

Behaviorism has also been referred to as "_____ theory."
A) conditioning
B) learning
C) modeling
D) operant

Accepted Answer

The answer of Behaviorism has also been referred to as...

Question 6

Which of Erikson's stages can be compared to Freud's oral stage of development?
A) initiative versus guilt
B) intimacy versus isolation
C) trust versus mistrust
D) autonomy versus shame and doubt

Accepted Answer

Erikson's trust versus mistrust stage, which occurs during the first year of life, can be compared to Freud's oral stage of development. In both stages, the primary focus is on developing a sense of trust and security in the world. Freud's oral stage involves the mouth as the primary source of pleasure and exploration, while Erikson's trust versus mistrust stage involves the development of trust and a sense of security through interactions with caregivers.

Question 7

When a person or animal learns to associate a neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus,gradually responding to the neutral stimulus in the same way as to the meaningful one,he or she is exhibiting:
A) classical conditioning.
B) observational learning.
C) operant conditioning.
D) modeling.

Accepted Answer

The description given in the question is the definition of classical conditioning, where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus, and eventually elicits the same response as the meaningful stimulus. Observational learning involves learning from observing the behavior of others, operant conditioning involves learning through consequences of behavior, and modeling involves imitating the behavior of others.

Question 8

Within Erikson's theory of psychosocial development,each of the developmental stages is characterized by a particular challenge,or a:
A) conflict negotiation.
B) developmental conflict.
C) developmental crisis.
D) resolution.

Accepted Answer

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development suggests that each stage has a developmental crisis or challenge that must be resolved in order for healthy development to occur. These crises present a unique conflict that must be reconciled for optimal growth and development. Therefore, Option C, developmental crisis, is the best choice.

Question 9

Pavlov's experiments with dogs that salivated when they heard a specific noise without the presence of food provide an example of:
A) classical conditioning.
B) observational learning.
C) operant conditioning.
D) reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

Pavlov's experiments with the dogs exhibiting a learned response (salivation) to a previously neutral stimulus (a bell) is an example of classical conditioning, where an involuntary response is elicited by a stimulus that has been paired with another stimulus that naturally elicits that response.

Question 10

Observational learning is also called:
A) classical conditioning.
B) operant conditioning.
C) modeling.
D) cognition.

Accepted Answer

Observational learning is also known as modeling, where an individual learns by watching and imitating others. Classical and operant conditioning refer to different types of learning that don't involve observation, while cognition is a broader term that encompasses various mental processes involved in learning, including observational learning.

Question 11

Operant conditioning is also referred to as "_____ conditioning."
A) classical
B) instrumental
C) observational
D) reinforcement

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning is also referred to as "instrumental conditioning" because it involves learning to associate behaviors (or "instruments") with their consequences. Through reinforcement and punishment, individuals learn to increase or decrease the frequency of their behaviors in order to achieve desired outcomes. Classical conditioning, on the other hand, involves learning to associate two stimuli together (such as a ringing bell with the arrival of food). Observational learning refers to the acquisition of new behaviors or information by watching others. Reinforcement is a key component of operant conditioning, but is not the term used to describe the type of conditioning itself.

Question 12

Jeremy watches his friend kick a soccer ball into the goal.Later that day,Jeremy finds a soccer ball and proceeds to kick it into the goal.Jeremy most likely engaged in the same behavior as his friend due to:
A) classical conditioning.
B) modeling.
C) operant conditioning.
D) reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

Jeremy most likely engaged in modeling, which is the process of observing and imitating the behavior of others. He saw his friend kick the ball into the goal and then proceeded to do the same thing when he found a soccer ball later that day. This behavior was not likely to be the result of classical conditioning, which involves learning associations between stimuli, or operant conditioning, which involves learning through consequences/reinforcements.

Question 13

The type of conditioning that Skinner identified is referred to as "_____ conditioning."
A) classical
B) observational
C) operant
D) cognitive

Accepted Answer

Skinner's work focused on operant conditioning, which involves learning through consequences such as rewards and punishments for behavior. Classical conditioning involves learning through association between stimuli, observational learning involves learning through observing others, and cognitive conditioning is not a recognized type of conditioning.

Question 14

Learning theorists believe that psychologists should focus on:
A) observable behaviors.
B) inner drives and motives.
C) a person's ideas and beliefs.
D) a person's sexual conflict.

Accepted Answer

Learning theorists believe that psychology should focus on observable behaviors, meaning behaviors that can be seen and measured. They believe that behavior is shaped by the environment through experiences and reinforcement, and therefore emphasize the importance of studying and understanding these external factors. Inner drives and motives, ideas and beliefs, and sexual conflict are all internal states that may influence behavior, but learning theorists prioritize studying the external factors that shape behavior.

Question 15

Unlike Freud,Erikson:
A) only described development in childhood.
B) believed that adult problems reflect childhood conflicts.
C) emphasized family and culture in his stages.
D) leaned toward the behaviorist perspective.

Accepted Answer

Erikson placed a strong emphasis on the role of family and culture in his stages of development, unlike Freud who focused more on the individual's own internal conflicts and experiences. Erikson's stages also extend beyond childhood and into adulthood, believing that adult problems can stem from unresolved conflicts during childhood. Erikson did not lean towards the behaviorist perspective, as his theory places a greater importance on individual experiences and the impact of social and cultural factors on development.

Question 16

Which psychoanalytic theorist identified unique stages of development from birth through late adulthood?
A) Freud
B) Piaget
C) Skinner
D) Erikson

Accepted Answer

Erikson identified eight stages of psychosocial development from infancy through late adulthood, each with a specific task or crisis that must be successfully navigated in order to move on to the next stage.

Question 17

A balloon popped and made Brandon cry.It happened again when he was at a friend's birthday party.Now when Brandon sees a balloon,he starts to cry.According to the behaviorist perspective,Brandon cries in response to the balloon because of:
A) operant conditioning.
B) observational learning.
C) classical conditioning.
D) modeling.

Accepted Answer

The scenario suggests classical conditioning, where the popping of the balloon (neutral stimulus) has become associated with the negative emotion (crying, unconditioned response) due to its pairing with the loud noise (unconditioned stimulus). Now, the sight of a balloon (conditioned stimulus) elicits the same negative emotion (conditioned response) due to that association.

Question 18

The boss praises his hourly employees for their good work.The boss hopes that the praise encourages the employees to continue to work hard.In this example,the reinforcement is:
A) the boss's praise.
B) worker productivity.
C) the boss.
D) an hourly wage.

Accepted Answer

The reinforcement in this example is the boss's praise. The boss is providing positive reinforcement by praising the employees, which encourages them to continue to work hard. The other options, worker productivity, the boss, and an hourly wage, are not directly related to the positive reinforcement being provided by the boss's praise.

Question 19

Theorists who promote classical conditioning believe that learned behavior is the result of _____,whereas theorists who promote operant conditioning believe that learned behavior is the result of:
A) the association between one stimulus and another;past reinforcement.
B) past reinforcement;the association between one stimulus and another.
C) observing another person's actions;past reinforcement.
D) the association between one stimulus and another;observing another person's actions.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning involves learning through the association between two stimuli, as famously demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov's experiments with dogs. Operant conditioning, on the other hand, involves learning through the consequences of behavior, such as reinforcement or punishment, as developed by B.F. Skinner.

Question 20

The process by which a response becomes linked to a particular stimulus is called:
A) psychoanalysis.
B) cognition.
C) observational learning.
D) conditioning.

Accepted Answer

The process of linking a response to a particular stimulus is known as conditioning, which can occur through classical conditioning (Pavlovian conditioning) or operant conditioning (instrumental conditioning).

Quiz 1: The Beginning: The Science of Human Development

Social learning theory indicates that learning occurs from:

A person observes the actions of others and copies them.Social learning theorists would call this an example of:

Any consequence that follows a behavior and makes a person likely to repeat that behavior is called a(n) :

Behaviorism has also been referred to as "_____ theory."

Which of Erikson's stages can be compared to Freud's oral stage of development?

When a person or animal learns to associate a neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus,gradually responding to the neutral stimulus in the same way as to the meaningful one,he or she is exhibiting:

Within Erikson's theory of psychosocial development,each of the developmental stages is characterized by a particular challenge,or a:

Pavlov's experiments with dogs that salivated when they heard a specific noise without the presence of food provide an example of:

Observational learning is also called:

Operant conditioning is also referred to as "_____ conditioning."

Jeremy watches his friend kick a soccer ball into the goal.Later that day,Jeremy finds a soccer ball and proceeds to kick it into the goal.Jeremy most likely engaged in the same behavior as his friend due to:

The type of conditioning that Skinner identified is referred to as "_____ conditioning."

Learning theorists believe that psychologists should focus on:

Unlike Freud,Erikson:

Which psychoanalytic theorist identified unique stages of development from birth through late adulthood?

A balloon popped and made Brandon cry.It happened again when he was at a friend's birthday party.Now when Brandon sees a balloon,he starts to cry.According to the behaviorist perspective,Brandon cries in response to the balloon because of:

The boss praises his hourly employees for their good work.The boss hopes that the praise encourages the employees to continue to work hard.In this example,the reinforcement is:

Theorists who promote classical conditioning believe that learned behavior is the result of _____,whereas theorists who promote operant conditioning believe that learned behavior is the result of:

The process by which a response becomes linked to a particular stimulus is called: