Question 1

Individuals who may especially benefit from preconception,prenatal,or even prenuptial (before marriage)genetic counseling include all the following EXCEPT:
A) women over age 35 and men over age 40.
B) couples who are infertile.
C) couples who have had several spontaneous abortions or stillbirths.
D) women who are younger than 25 and men who are younger than 30.

Accepted Answer

While anyone can benefit from genetic counseling, individuals who are younger than 25 (women) or 30 (men) may not have as much of a need for preconception or prenatal counseling if they don't have a family history of genetic disorders or other risk factors. Women over age 35 and men over age 40 are at increased risk for having children with genetic disorders, as are couples who are infertile or have had multiple pregnancy losses.

Question 2

Consultation and testing by trained experts that enables individuals to learn about their heritability,including harmful conditions they could pass along to any children they might conceive,is referred to as:
A) couples counseling.
B) marriage counseling.
C) genetic counseling.
D) individual counseling.

Accepted Answer

Genetic counseling is consultation and testing by trained experts to inform individuals about their genetic makeup and any harmful conditions they could pass on to their children. Couples counseling and marriage counseling are related to relationship issues, while individual counseling could be for a variety of reasons and may not necessarily involve genetic testing.

Question 3

MOST of the known single-gene disorders are:
A) recessive.
B) dominant.
C) difficult to identify.
D) additive.

Accepted Answer

The answer of MOST of the known single-gene disorders are:
A)...

Question 4

Brenda loves to share information that she has learned from school with her parents.She comes home one day and,at dinner,tells her family she has learned about cell differentiation in science class.She correctly tells them that once cells differentiate:
A) they can still specialize and take different forms.
B) only cells in the brain can still transform into different cells.
C) they can transform into stem cells.
D) they can no longer specialize and take different forms.

Accepted Answer

Once cells differentiate, they have become specialized for a specific function or tissue type and can no longer change into different cell types.

Question 5

A teratogen is any agent or condition that increases the risk for:
A) prenatal abnormalities.
B) damage to the placenta.
C) extra chromosomes.
D) male infertility.

Accepted Answer

A teratogen is any agent or condition that can disrupt normal prenatal development and increase the risk for abnormalities in the developing fetus. These abnormalities can include structural or functional abnormalities, as well as behavioral or cognitive problems. Examples of teratogens include alcohol, tobacco, certain drugs, environmental toxins, and certain infections.

Question 6

Within hours after conception,the first 23 pairs of chromosomes within the zygote _____,forming two complete sets of genes.
A) polymorphic
B) foundation
C) stem
D) allele

Accepted Answer

The term "stem" is the correct choice here because it refers to the initial or originating form from which something develops. In the context of the question, after conception, the first 23 pairs of chromosomes within the zygote form the foundational genetic material, or "stem," from which the organism will develop. This process is crucial for ensuring that the new organism has a complete set of genes. The other options do not accurately describe this process.

Question 7

Jackie is 5 years old.She has been diagnosed with ADHD and shows signs of learning problems.Her pediatrician suggests that Jackie's problems could be the result of prenatal exposure to _____,though he stresses that the link is not straightforward at this time.
A) caffeine
B) high levels of fat
C) cell differentiation
D) behavioral teratogens

Accepted Answer

Behavioral teratogens, such as alcohol or drugs, can affect the fetus during prenatal development and lead to conditions like ADHD. While the link between prenatal exposure and learning problems is complex and not entirely straightforward, substances that impact fetal brain development are considered potential risks.

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of a single-gene disorder that is dominant?
A) Down syndrome
B) nearsightedness
C) fragile X syndrome
D) Huntington's disease

Accepted Answer

Huntington's disease is caused by a dominant allele on chromosome 4. The presence of one copy of the allele is enough to cause the disorder to manifest, making it a single-gene dominant disorder. Down syndrome is a chromosomal disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21, nearsightedness is a complex trait influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors, and fragile X syndrome is caused by a mutation in the FMR1 gene on the X chromosome, which is a single-gene disorder but is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern.

Question 9

The MOST common extra-chromosome condition is:
A) Down syndrome.
B) nearsightedness.
C) fragile X syndrome.
D) Tourette syndrome.

Accepted Answer

Down syndrome, also known as trisomy 21, is the most common extra-chromosome condition. It occurs when there is an extra copy of chromosome 21, resulting in intellectual disabilities, characteristic facial features, and other health issues.

Question 10

Claire is one month pregnant and consults with her doctor about the different categories of teratogens.The doctor tells her that all of the following are categories of teratogens EXCEPT:
A) drugs.
B) pollutants.
C) immunizations.
D) viruses.

Accepted Answer

The four main categories of teratogens are drugs, pollutants, viruses, and radiation. Immunizations are not considered a teratogen because they are specifically designed to protect the developing fetus from harmful viruses and infections. However, some vaccinations may contain small amounts of mercury or other substances that could potentially be harmful to the developing fetus, so it is important for pregnant women to discuss vaccination options with their healthcare provider.

Question 11

An individual with an extra chromosome on the 21st pair of chromosomes has:
A) Down syndrome.
B) nearsightedness.
C) fragile X syndrome.
D) Tourette syndrome.

Accepted Answer

An extra chromosome on the 21st pair of chromosomes is characteristic of Down syndrome. This condition causes intellectual disability, distinct facial features, and often a variety of health issues such as heart problems and respiratory infections. Nearsightedness, fragile X syndrome, and Tourette syndrome are not caused by an extra chromosome on the 21st pair.

Question 12

Women become drunk on _____ compared to men.
A) more alcohol
B) less alcohol
C) the same amount of alcohol
D) more alcohol in the summer and less alcohol in the winter

Accepted Answer

Women tend to become more intoxicated than men after consuming the same amount of alcohol. This is because women typically have a higher percentage of body fat and lower percentage of water in their bodies, which leads to a higher concentration of alcohol in the blood. Therefore, women should be cautious when drinking alcohol and consume it in moderation.

Question 13

A high school science teacher asks the students which cells could be used to produce any other cell in the body.The correct answer is the omnipotent _____ cells.
A) polymorphic
B) foundation
C) stem
D) allele

Accepted Answer

The correct answer is stem cells. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the ability to differentiate into any other cell type in the body. They are often referred to as omnipotent cells because of their versatility in producing other cells. Polymorphic cells, foundation cells, and allele cells are not commonly used or recognized terms in the field of biology.

Question 14

MOST recessive genetic disorders are:
A) on the autosomes.
B) X-linked.
C) additive.
D) polygenic.

Accepted Answer

Most recessive genetic disorders are caused by mutations on autosomal chromosomes, which are non-sex chromosomes. X-linked disorders typically affect males more frequently because they only have one X chromosome, and if it carries a mutant gene, they will develop the disorder. Additive and polygenic disorders are not typically considered recessive because they result from multiple genes and/or environmental factors rather than a single, mutated gene.

Question 15

About one in every _____ infants is born with only one sex chromosome or with three or more,which creates a chromosomal abnormality.
A) 100
B) 300
C) 500
D) 700

Accepted Answer

About one in every 300 infants is born with a chromosomal abnormality that includes having only one sex chromosome or having three or more sex chromosomes. These abnormalities can result in a range of physical and developmental differences.

Question 16

Which mother is at greatest risk of having a child with a chromosomal abnormality?
A) a 15-year-old mother
B) a 25-year-old mother
C) a 35-year-old mother
D) a 45-year-old mother

Accepted Answer

The risk of chromosomal abnormalities, including Down syndrome, increases with maternal age, especially after age 35. A 45-year-old mother has the highest risk among the options provided.

Question 17

After about the eight-cell stage within the zygote,cells start to _____,meaning that they take dissimilar forms and reproduce at various rates,depending on where they are located.
A) divide
B) duplicate
C) differentiate
D) detach

Accepted Answer

At the eight-cell stage, cells start to differentiate, which means they specialize and take on different forms and functions. This is a crucial step in the development of the embryo, as it lays the foundation for the formation of organs and tissues. Therefore, option C is the best choice.

Question 18

Down syndrome is also called:
A) trisomy-12.
B) trisomy-13.
C) trisomy-21.
D) trisomy-31.

Accepted Answer

Down syndrome is caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21, which is also known as trisomy-21. Trisomy-12, -13, and -31 are not associated with Down syndrome.

Question 19

A fatal central nervous system disorder caused by more than 35 repetitions of a particular set of three base pairs is:
A) Down syndrome.
B) nearsightedness.
C) fragile X syndrome.
D) Huntington's disease.

Accepted Answer

Huntington's disease is caused by an abnormality in the HTT gene where more than 35 repetitions of CAG (cytosine-adenine-guanine) base pairs occur. This causes the production of a mutant form of the huntingtin protein which leads to the destruction of certain nerve cells in the brain, causing severe and progressive neurological symptoms. Down syndrome and fragile X syndrome are genetic disorders caused by extra genetic material on chromosomes 21 and X respectively, while nearsightedness is a vision disorder caused by a variety of factors such as genetics and environmental factors.

Question 20

The cognitive deficits caused by the genetic condition of _____ are the MOST common form of inherited intellectual disability.
A) Down syndrome
B) nearsightedness
C) fragile X syndrome
D) Huntington's disease

Accepted Answer

Fragile X syndrome is the most common form of inherited intellectual disability, affecting 1 in 3600 males and 1 in 4000-6000 females. It is caused by a mutation in the FMR1 gene on the X chromosome, leading to a deficit of the FMRP protein which is important for normal brain development and functioning. This results in cognitive deficits, as well as behavioral and physical symptoms such as social anxiety, hyperactivity, and elongated facial features.

Quiz 2: The Beginning: From Conception to Birth

Individuals who may especially benefit from preconception,prenatal,or even prenuptial (before marriage) genetic counseling include all the following EXCEPT:

Consultation and testing by trained experts that enables individuals to learn about their heritability,including harmful conditions they could pass along to any children they might conceive,is referred to as:

MOST of the known single-gene disorders are:

Brenda loves to share information that she has learned from school with her parents.She comes home one day and,at dinner,tells her family she has learned about cell differentiation in science class.She correctly tells them that once cells differentiate:

A teratogen is any agent or condition that increases the risk for:

Within hours after conception,the first 23 pairs of chromosomes within the zygote _____,forming two complete sets of genes.

Jackie is 5 years old.She has been diagnosed with ADHD and shows signs of learning problems.Her pediatrician suggests that Jackie's problems could be the result of prenatal exposure to _____,though he stresses that the link is not straightforward at this time.

Which of the following is an example of a single-gene disorder that is dominant?

The MOST common extra-chromosome condition is:

Claire is one month pregnant and consults with her doctor about the different categories of teratogens.The doctor tells her that all of the following are categories of teratogens EXCEPT:

An individual with an extra chromosome on the 21st pair of chromosomes has:

Women become drunk on _____ compared to men.

A high school science teacher asks the students which cells could be used to produce any other cell in the body.The correct answer is the omnipotent _____ cells.

MOST recessive genetic disorders are:

About one in every _____ infants is born with only one sex chromosome or with three or more,which creates a chromosomal abnormality.

Which mother is at greatest risk of having a child with a chromosomal abnormality?

After about the eight-cell stage within the zygote,cells start to _____,meaning that they take dissimilar forms and reproduce at various rates,depending on where they are located.

Down syndrome is also called:

A fatal central nervous system disorder caused by more than 35 repetitions of a particular set of three base pairs is:

The cognitive deficits caused by the genetic condition of _____ are the MOST common form of inherited intellectual disability.