Question 1

Doug,Diana,Tyrone,Nidia and Louis all have different viewpoints on the evolution versus creationism debate.Louis displays contextual relativism in his thinking (Position 5).Which of the following statements would be most illustrative of Louis's viewpoint?
A)It doesn't matter which idea you believe because nobody's ideas are certain.
B)Although we don't know for certain,I understand the way scientists look at the question.
C)Both creationism and evolution are right.
D)I believe what my teachers taught me.

Accepted Answer

Louis's contextual relativism suggests that he believes that different perspectives on a given subject are valid and can be true in certain contexts. Option B illustrates this viewpoint by acknowledging that there is no certainty but still acknowledging the way scientists view the issue. Option A suggests a more absolute relativism, option C suggests a contradiction, and option D suggests blind adherence to authority.

Question 2

Doug,Diana,Tyrone,Nidia and Louis all have different viewpoints on the evolution versus creationism debate.Nidia is at Position 4 (late multiplicity).Which of the following statements would be most illustrative of Nidia's viewpoint?
A)Life was created through evolution.There is no other possible answer.
B)I believe that God created the world,but others don't agree with me.
C)I believe you should choose to make a commitment to what you believe.
D)It doesn't matter which idea you believe,because even experts disagree.

Accepted Answer

Nidia's position at "late multiplicity" suggests she recognizes that there are multiple valid perspectives and that even experts may disagree, indicating a relativistic view.

Question 3

Doug,Diana,Tyrone,Nidia and Louis all have different viewpoints on the evolution versus creationism debate.Diana is operating at Position 2 (multiplicity pre-legitimate).Which of the following statements would be most illustrative of Diana's viewpoint?
A)It doesn't matter which one you believe.
B)I believe that God created the world,there is simply no other possibility.
C)I don't believe that God created the world because it's not possible.
D)I'm not sure yet,but my professor will be able to clarify positions for me.

Accepted Answer

Position 2, multiplicity pre-legitimate, is characterized by uncertainty and reliance on external authorities for answers. Diana's statement about waiting for her professor to clarify positions for her reflects this stage's tendency to look to others for guidance in forming an opinion.

Question 4

Jane is a new therapist who works with couples and families.Her decision was motivated by her sister Melinda's experience of spousal abuse.When Jane meets with her supervisor to review cases,he points out that Jane takes sides with her female clients when they cry or describe intense conflicts with their husbands.She believes her supervisor is blind to the signs of abuse.According to Kitchener's theory,on what assumption is Jane operating?
A)Determination of abuse is difficult to ascertain and must be tested in each situation.
B)Determination of abuse should only be reached after consultation with expert supervisors.
C)Determination of abuse can be made if one has some personal experience.
D)Determination of abuse should be based on the context.

Accepted Answer

Jane is operating on the assumption that determination of abuse can be made if one has some personal experience, as her motivation and approach are influenced by her sister's experience of spousal abuse.

Question 5

Doug,Diana,Tyrone,Nidia and Louis all have different viewpoints on the evolution versus creationism debate.Tyrone reasons in Position 3 (early multiplicity).Which of the following statements would be most illustrative of Tyrone's viewpoint?
A)God created the world.I don't know anything about evolution.
B)I believe God created the world.My professor disagrees but she isn't always right.
C)Evolution is the right answer because it's scientific.
D)It doesn't matter which one you believe.

Accepted Answer

Position 3, early multiplicity, involves recognizing that there are differing opinions on a subject and beginning to evaluate these opinions. Choice B illustrates this viewpoint by acknowledging a personal belief in creationism while also recognizing a differing opinion from an authority figure (a professor) and suggesting that this authority might not always be correct. This shows an awareness of multiple viewpoints and a readiness to evaluate them, characteristic of early multiplicity.

Question 6

Which of the following is the best example of fifth-stage thinking?
A)Josh evaluates arguments of those who favor and those who oppose the death penalty and finds both arguments unconvincing.
B)Trevor solves a complicated equation in abstract mathematics.
C)Carrie listens with great empathy and concern to her counseling client.
D)Kendra learns about three different religions and recognizes their consistency and appeal.

Accepted Answer

Fifth-stage thinking involves the ability to think systematically and to recognize patterns and connections, as well as the ability to appreciate diverse perspectives and see the big picture. Kendra's ability to recognize the consistency and appeal of three different religions demonstrates this type of thinking. Josh's evaluation of arguments, Trevor's solving of an equation, and Carrie's empathy and concern all demonstrate critical thinking skills, but don't necessarily show a fifth-stage level of thinking.

Question 7

One traditional role of counselors is to help people make decisions.Young adult clients who are still dualistic thinkers may have which of the following problems in this process?
A)They may believe there are too many solutions to consider.
B)They may believe that problems have no solution.
C)They may become anxious if there is uncertainty about the best solution.
D)They may come to a foreclosed decision before exploring options.

Accepted Answer

Dualistic thinkers often see things in black and white, right or wrong. They may become anxious when faced with uncertainty or ambiguity in decision-making, as they prefer clear, definitive answers.

Question 8

A counselor helping a young adult client with procrastination must recognize that this problem can have many sources.In young adulthood,one common developmental source is
A)relativistic thinking.
B)actuarial prediction.
C)poor self-management skills.
D)the personal fable.

Accepted Answer

Procrastination often stems from poor self-management skills, such as difficulty with time-management and organization. While relativistic thinking, actuarial prediction, and the personal fable are all common developmental aspects of young adulthood, they are not as closely related to the issue of procrastination.

Question 9

Perry's theory holds that the college experience fosters cognitive development because
A)students build on the cognitive skills they developed in high school.
B)students confront diverse beliefs and arrive at personal commitments.
C)students learn from professors who embody intellectual authority.
D)students learn to value their own opinions and values from their background.

Accepted Answer

Perry's theory suggests that college students go through a process of intellectual and moral development, during which they confront diverse beliefs and evaluate them critically. This process leads them to arrive at personal commitments and develop more complex cognitive structures. Therefore, option B is the best answer, as it reflects Perry's view that the college experience fosters cognitive development by challenging students' beliefs and values. Options A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not capture the essence of Perry's theory of intellectual development.

Question 10

Arnett's research suggests that young adults today believe that qualifications for adulthood is determined
A)by the timing of achievements,such as marriage and parenthood.
B)on the basis of reaching a certain age.
C)on the basis of their parents' definition of adulthood.
D)on the basis of taking responsibility and making independent decisions.

Accepted Answer

Arnett's research suggests that young adults today believe that qualifications for adulthood are determined by taking responsibility and making independent decisions. This reflects the cultural shift towards individualism and self-discovery, where young people prioritize personal growth and autonomy over traditional markers of adulthood like marriage and parenthood.

Question 11

Doug,Diana,Tyrone,Nidia and Louis all have different viewpoints on the evolution versus creationism debate.According to Perry's scheme,Doug's thinking is dualistic (Position 1).Which of the following statements would be most illustrative of Doug's viewpoint?
A)God created the world.There is no other possibility.
B)I believe that God created the world,but others don't agree with me.
C)I believe parts of both ideas can be true.
D)It doesn't matter which one you believe in.

Accepted Answer

Doug's thinking is considered dualistic because he only believes in one absolute truth. In this case, he believes that God created the world and sees no other possibility. This is a clear example of black and white thinking, which is characteristic of Position 1 in Perry's scheme.

Question 12

Studies of brain activity during the early adult years suggest which of the following?
A)Slowing of executive functions
B)Decrease in flexibility
C)Decrease in learning ability
D)Increase in inhibitory control

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that during the early adult years, there is an increase in inhibitory control. This means that individuals are better able to control their impulses and resist distractions, which can lead to better decision making and goal attainment. There is not typically a slowing of executive functions, decrease in flexibility, or decrease in learning ability during this time period.

Question 13

Donna runs a day care center.After many years of hard work,the business has grown and provides a steady income.Donna's daughter,Elaine,has asked Donna to give her a loan for a down payment on a business of her own.In order to provide this loan,Donna would have to cut expenses at the day care center,including reducing staff by at least two employees.Based on what you know about Donna,what is her stage of cognitive development according to Schaie's view of adult adjustment?
A)The fifth stage of cognitive development.
B)The executive stage
C)The achieving stage
D)The acquisition stage

Accepted Answer

According to Schaie's view of adult adjustment, the executive stage is characterized by a focus on practical problem-solving and decision-making skills, which involves balancing different priorities and making trade-offs. Donna's situation of considering a loan for her daughter while facing the need to cut expenses and reduce staff at her day care center requires this type of decision-making and prioritizing skills, suggesting that she is likely in the executive stage of cognitive development.

Question 14

Jane is a new therapist who works with couples and families.Her decision was motivated by her sister Melinda's experience of spousal abuse.When Jane meets with her supervisor to review cases,he points out that Jane takes sides with her female clients when they cry or describe intense conflicts with their husbands.She believes her supervisor is blind to the signs of abuse.What critical thinking pitfall do Jane's reactions show?
A)Over-reliance on the vividness effect
B)Over-reliance on the idiosyncrasy effect
C)Over-reliance on probabilistic thinking
D)Over-reliance on the placebo effect

Accepted Answer

Jane's reactions suggest over-reliance on the vividness effect, which is the tendency to give greater weight to vivid, emotionally charged information, such as the stories of abuse shared by her female clients, even if it may not be representative of the overall situation. This can lead to confirmation bias and skew her perceptions of the dynamics of the couples and families she works with.

Question 15

Which of these most closely aligns with the definition of relativistic thought according to Perry's views?
A)In relativistic thinking,every person has a right to his or her own opinion and no one should openly reject another's ideas.
B)Relativistic thinking involves recognizing that one view is as valid as another.
C)Relativistic thinking is a stage that supersedes the ability to see inherent contradictions.
D)Relativistic thinking implies comparing merits of different perspectives and finding convincing elements in multiple views.

Accepted Answer

Perry defines relativistic thought as the ability to compare and evaluate different viewpoints and finding convincing elements in multiple perspectives. This aligns with choice D as it emphasizes the importance of considering various viewpoints and evaluating their strengths and weaknesses. Choices A and B do not fully capture the complexity of relativistic thought, while choice C refers to a later stage of cognitive development.

Question 16

Counselors should know that the period between the ages of 15 and 24 is
A)a time when good mental health is at its peak,with the lowest rates of depression or other major mental health problems.
B)the time of highest prevalence rate for depression across the life span.
C)a time that is not significantly different from any other time of adulthood with regard to depression,but when clients may face many transitions.
D)a time when most learning processes slow down significantly.

Accepted Answer

Research shows that the period between the ages of 15 and 24 is the time of highest prevalence rate for depression across the life span. This is partly due to the many transitions and changes young people experience during this time, such as starting college, entering the workforce, and forming new relationships. While good mental health can still be present during this time, it is not at its peak. Learning processes may also vary during this time due to the individual's circumstances.

Question 17

Donna runs a day care center.After many years of hard work,the business has grown and provides a steady income.Donna's daughter,Elaine,has asked Donna to give her a loan for a down payment on a business of her own.In order to provide this loan,Donna would have to cut expenses at the day care center,including reducing staff by at least two employees.What is the primary characteristic that points to a particular stage of cognitive functioning in Donna's case?
A)She must consider how her decision will affect many people.
B)She is working to earn an income and acquire more assets.
C)She considers what has given her life meaning and purpose.
D)She focuses on her personal needs and goals.

Accepted Answer

Donna's decision to give her daughter a loan and cut expenses at the day care center will have a significant impact on many people, including the staff who may lose their jobs and the families who rely on the day care center for child care. This demonstrates a consideration of the complexity and interconnectivity of multiple factors, which is a characteristic of advanced cognitive functioning.

Question 18

Which of the following individuals is most likely in the reorganizational stage according to Schaie's view of adult adjustment?
A)A 20-year-old carpenter's apprentice
B)A 25-year-old single mother
C)A 45-year-old businessman
D)A 62-year-old truck driver

Accepted Answer

According to Schaie's stages of adult development, the reorganizational stage typically occurs after retirement, when individuals reorganize their lives around non-work-related activities. A 62-year-old truck driver is most likely to be in this stage, as they may be retiring and adjusting to a life without the routine of work.

Question 19

Donna runs a day care center.After many years of hard work,the business has grown and provides a steady income.Donna's daughter,Elaine,has asked Donna to give her a loan for a down payment on a business of her own.In order to provide this loan,Donna would have to cut expenses at the day care center,including reducing staff by at least two employees.Based on what you know about Elaine,what is her stage of cognitive development according to Schaie's view of adult adjustment?
A)The fifth stage of cognitive development
B)The acquisition stage
C)The achieving stage
D)The executive stage

Accepted Answer

According to Schaie's view of adult adjustment, the achieving stage is characterized by a focus on career and family goals. Elaine's request for a loan for a business of her own suggests that she is in the achieving stage, as she is pursuing career goals.

Question 20

Donna runs a day care center.After many years of hard work,the business has grown and provides a steady income.Donna's daughter,Elaine,has asked Donna to give her a loan for a down payment on a business of her own.In order to provide this loan,Donna would have to cut expenses at the day care center,including reducing staff by at least two employees.What is the primary characteristic that points to a particular stage of cognitive functioning in Elaine's case?
A)She tries to decide how to make a living for herself.
B)She focuses her concerns on other people in her life for whom she is responsible.
C)She has developed logical thinking abilities.
D)She lets others take the consequences for her decisions.

Accepted Answer

Elaine's request for a loan to start her own business indicates she is trying to make a living for herself, which is a characteristic of someone in the stage of cognitive functioning where they are focusing on establishing their own career and independence.

Quiz 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Young Adulthood

Doug,Diana,Tyrone,Nidia and Louis all have different viewpoints on the evolution versus creationism debate.Louis displays contextual relativism in his thinking (Position 5) .Which of the following statements would be most illustrative of Louis's viewpoint?

Doug,Diana,Tyrone,Nidia and Louis all have different viewpoints on the evolution versus creationism debate.Nidia is at Position 4 (late multiplicity) .Which of the following statements would be most illustrative of Nidia's viewpoint?

Doug,Diana,Tyrone,Nidia and Louis all have different viewpoints on the evolution versus creationism debate.Diana is operating at Position 2 (multiplicity pre-legitimate) .Which of the following statements would be most illustrative of Diana's viewpoint?

Doug,Diana,Tyrone,Nidia and Louis all have different viewpoints on the evolution versus creationism debate.Tyrone reasons in Position 3 (early multiplicity) .Which of the following statements would be most illustrative of Tyrone's viewpoint?

Which of the following is the best example of fifth-stage thinking?

One traditional role of counselors is to help people make decisions.Young adult clients who are still dualistic thinkers may have which of the following problems in this process?

A counselor helping a young adult client with procrastination must recognize that this problem can have many sources.In young adulthood,one common developmental source is

Perry's theory holds that the college experience fosters cognitive development because

Arnett's research suggests that young adults today believe that qualifications for adulthood is determined

Doug,Diana,Tyrone,Nidia and Louis all have different viewpoints on the evolution versus creationism debate.According to Perry's scheme,Doug's thinking is dualistic (Position 1) .Which of the following statements would be most illustrative of Doug's viewpoint?

Studies of brain activity during the early adult years suggest which of the following?

Which of these most closely aligns with the definition of relativistic thought according to Perry's views?

Counselors should know that the period between the ages of 15 and 24 is

Which of the following individuals is most likely in the reorganizational stage according to Schaie's view of adult adjustment?