Question 1

Provide a list and a brief definition of each of the motives underlying prosocial behavior.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Provide a list and a brief definition...

Question 2

The overjustification effect suggests that providing __________ for volunteering or community service can undermine __________.
A) excessive rewards; an intrinsic motivation to help
B) excessive rewards; self-attributions such as "greedy"
C) barely sufficient rewards; self-attributions such as "kind" and "helpful"
D) insufficient rewards; an intrinsic motivation to help

Accepted Answer

The overjustification effect occurs when people who were initially intrinsically motivated to engage in an activity (such as volunteering or community service) are given excessive external rewards (such as money or gifts) for doing so. This can undermine their intrinsic motivation by causing them to become more focused on the external reward than on the activity itself. Therefore, excessive rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation to help, leading to the overjustification effect.

Question 3

In a study reported by the authors of your text, a participant in a chat group posed a question to the group asking for help. The results of this study showed that the participant was more likely to receive help faster when he or she __________.
A) was a first-time visitor to the chat group
B) was the leader of the chat group
C) asked one specific person
D) posed the request to the group as a whole

Accepted Answer

Asking one specific person for help typically results in a faster response because it creates a direct line of responsibility, making it more likely for the individual to feel personally addressed and compelled to respond.

Question 4

Researchers exposed some students to a lecture on bystander intervention research and other students to a lecture on an unrelated topic. Two weeks later ___________.
A) the students had forgotten what they learned, suggesting that education is not beneficial in increasing helping
B) students exposed to the lecture on helping were more likely than others to help, even in the presence of an unresponsive confederate
C) students who did well on a test were more likely to help, independent of the lecture they heard
D) students who did poorly on a test were more likely to help, independent of the lecture they heard

Accepted Answer

This question is referring to the bystander intervention research, which suggests that education can be beneficial in increasing helping behavior. Therefore, the students who were exposed to the lecture on helping were more likely to help, even in the presence of an unresponsive confederate, compared to those who heard an unrelated lecture. Option A is incorrect because it contradicts the aforementioned research. Options C and D are also incorrect because they do not address the effects of the lecture on helping behavior.

Question 5

In research presented in the text, participants were exposed to a lecture on social-psychological factors that inhibit helping. Later, these participants were put into a potential helping situation. The results suggest that __________.
A) participants who learned about factors which inhibit helping were more likely to help
B) participants who learned about factors which inhibit helping were less likely to help
C) learning about factors which inhibit helping has no effect on helping behavior
D) learning about factors which inhibit helping can increase helping behavior, depending on the participant's personality

Accepted Answer

Participants who learned about the factors that inhibit helping were more likely to help because the awareness of these factors possibly made them more conscious of their actions and the impact of those inhibiting factors, leading to an increased likelihood of helping behavior.

Question 6

Greitemeyer and his colleagues have conducted a number of studies to examine the effects of video games on helping. They have some participants play a prosocial video game and others play a neutral video game. The dependent variable of this research is the __________.
A) degree of helping
B) type of video game
C) participants
D) temperature of the room where they play the game

Accepted Answer

The dependent variable in this research is the degree of helping, which is being measured as a result of playing either a prosocial or neutral video game. The type of video game, participants, and temperature of the room are not the focus of the research and are considered independent variables or extraneous variables.

Question 7

To ensure that community service participation for a school or job does not undermine people's intrinsic motivation for helping, an administrator should do which of the following?
A) try to ensure that the venue for helping is in the venue of a person's expertise
B) try to ensure that people are helping strangers rather than friends
C) try to ensure that people feel that their help is voluntary
D) try to ensure that people notice the need for help by clearly defining the situation

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that when people feel that their help is voluntary, their intrinsic motivation for helping is not undermined. Therefore, administrators should try to ensure that people feel like they have a choice in whether or not to participate in community service. Ensuring that the venue for helping is in the venue of a person's expertise, trying to ensure that people are helping strangers rather than friends, and trying to ensure that people notice the need for help are all important considerations, but none of these address the issue of voluntary participation and intrinsic motivation.

Question 8

Receiving help can lower a person's self-esteem when the __________.
A) helper's demonstration of superior skill leads the recipient to feel incompetent
B) recipient is worried about repaying the favor in the future
C) helper is of a different gender than the recipient
D) helper is supportive and concerned

Accepted Answer

When the helper demonstrates superior skill, it can make the recipient feel incompetent, leading to a potentially negative impact on their self-esteem.

Question 9

Compare and contrast altruism and prosocial behavior. In your explanation, include a good example of each concept that makes the primary difference between the concepts very clear.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Compare and contrast altruism and prosocial behavior....

Question 10

Dima just finished listening to a charity album filled with songs about helping and caring for others who are victims of war in Darfur, tornadoes in the American South, and famine in Somalia. Why would she be more likely to help the lady parked near her whose car has a flat tire?
A) Thoughts of helping are cognitively accessible after listening to the album.
B) Listening to the album increased her desire to get rewards and credit for being helpful.
C) As it turns out, she is related to the lady whose car has a flat.
D) She has nothing better to do.

Accepted Answer

Listening to the charity album likely primed Dima's thoughts about helping others, making thoughts of helping more cognitively accessible. This may increase her likelihood of helping the lady with a flat tire. The other options (B, C, and D) do not provide a clear explanation for why she would be more likely to help.

Question 11

If you are in an emergency situation and need help, which of the following statements to a bystander is most likely to get you the help you need?
A) "Will someone please help me?"
B) "Help!!! This is an emergency!!"
C) "Hey! I'm in trouble here!"
D) "You in the red sweater-call 911!"

Accepted Answer

Being specific and issuing a direct command to a specific person has been shown to be the most effective in getting someone to take action in an emergency. Calling out a specific article of clothing is even better as it makes it clear who is being addressed.

Question 12

Greitemeyer and his colleagues have conducted a number of studies to examine the effects of video games on helping. They have some participants play a prosocial video game and others play a neutral video game. The independent variable of this research is the __________.
A) degree of helping
B) type of video game
C) participants
D) temperature of the room where they play the game

Accepted Answer

The independent variable being manipulated in this study is the type of video game (prosocial vs. neutral), as this is what is being varied by the researchers to investigate its effect on helping behavior. The degree of helping is the dependent variable, or the outcome that is being measured as a result of the independent variable. The participants involved in the study are the subjects being tested, but they are not the independent variable themselves. The temperature of the room is not mentioned as a variable being manipulated or measured in this particular study.

Question 13

Briefly summarize the social exchange perspective of helping behavior.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Briefly summarize the social exchange perspective of...

Question 14

On her first day of work in a new job, Amy would be most likely to feel resentful were a coworker to say to her, __________.
A) "Hey, I remember my first day. Let me help you with that."
B) "You look a little stressed out. Can I help?"
C) "I thought you learned that in training. Let me help you out."
D) "I wish I caught on to most things as quickly as you. Looks like there's a problem here, though."

Accepted Answer

This comment could be interpreted as condescending or questioning of her abilities, which could lead to feelings of resentment. The other comments are more supportive and helpful in nature.

Question 15

How do evolutionary psychologists use the concepts of kin selection and the reciprocity norm to explain human prosocial behavior?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How do evolutionary psychologists use the concepts...

Question 16

Based on information from your text about the rates of volunteerism, which of the following countries has the highest rate of volunteerism in its population (47%)?
A) France
B) the United States
C) Canada
D) Germany

Accepted Answer

The United States is known for having a high rate of volunteerism, with approximately 47% of its population engaging in volunteer activities.

Question 17

If you were an employer who wanted to increase volunteerism among your employees, what strategy would you employ in order to increase the chances that the employees would continue to volunteer in the future?
A) make volunteerism of some sort a requirement for promotion
B) make volunteerism to a specific organization required
C) encourage volunteerism while preserving employees' free choice to volunteer or not
D) make no mention of the value of volunteerism whatsoever

Accepted Answer

Encouraging volunteerism while preserving employees' free choice to volunteer or not is the best strategy because it allows employees to feel like they have the agency to choose causes that they are passionate about. This can lead to greater levels of engagement and investment in volunteer work, making it more likely that employees will continue to volunteer in the future. If volunteerism is forced or seen as something required for promotion or benefit, this may cause resentment or disinterest among employees. Additionally, making no mention of the value of volunteerism may not provide enough incentive or motivation for employees to engage in this type of work.

Question 18

Annie works with AIDS patients to get an idea of whether she wants to pursue social work as a career. Bert volunteers at a mental hospital to fulfill a class requirement. Stacey paints a mural for her old school because her sorority requires her to do a community service project. George helps the elderly prepare their income tax returns because his accounting firm will not give him a Christmas bonus if he does not volunteer. Who is most likely to engage in volunteer work again in the future?
A) Annie
B) Bert
C) Stacey
D) George

Accepted Answer

Annie is the most likely to engage in volunteer work again in the future because she is motivated by personal interest and passion for the cause, rather than external requirements or incentives. Research suggests that intrinsic motives, such as the desire to help others or feel a sense of purpose, are stronger predictors of continued volunteer engagement than extrinsic motives like fulfilling a requirement or receiving a reward. Bert, Stacey, and George all have external reasons for volunteering, which may not translate into long-term commitment.

Question 19

At Cornell and Vassar, students intervened in emergencies. In both cases, they __________.
A) had learned about the barriers to helping in class
B) had plenty of extrinsic motivation for helping in the form of cash rewards
C) regretted getting involved d were not willing to help until someone else began helping

Accepted Answer

The question implies that the students intervened in emergencies, suggesting that they overcame any barriers to helping. Therefore, it is likely that they had learned about these barriers in class, making choice A the best option. Choice B is incorrect because there is no mention of cash rewards as a motivation for helping. Choice C is also incorrect because the question states that the students intervened, suggesting that they were willing to help.

Question 20

When community service work is required by a school or business, there is the downside risk that people will infer that they are volunteering only because it is required and will be less likely to freely volunteer in the future. This risk is known as the __________.
A) self-fulfilling prophecy
B) spotlight effect
C) overjustification effect
D) door-in-the-face effect

Accepted Answer

The overjustification effect occurs when people feel that their behavior is motivated by a requirement or an external reward rather than by their own intrinsic motivation. This may lead them to believe that they only volunteered because they had to and not because they wanted to, and they may be less likely to volunteer again in the future.

Quiz 11: Prosocial Behavior: Why Do People Help

Provide a list and a brief definition of each of the motives underlying prosocial behavior.

The overjustification effect suggests that providing for volunteering or community service can undermine .

In a study reported by the authors of your text, a participant in a chat group posed a question to the group asking for help. The results of this study showed that the participant was more likely to receive help faster when he or she __________.

Researchers exposed some students to a lecture on bystander intervention research and other students to a lecture on an unrelated topic. Two weeks later ___________.

In research presented in the text, participants were exposed to a lecture on social-psychological factors that inhibit helping. Later, these participants were put into a potential helping situation. The results suggest that __________.

Greitemeyer and his colleagues have conducted a number of studies to examine the effects of video games on helping. They have some participants play a prosocial video game and others play a neutral video game. The dependent variable of this research is the __________.

To ensure that community service participation for a school or job does not undermine people's intrinsic motivation for helping, an administrator should do which of the following?

Receiving help can lower a person's self-esteem when the __________.

Compare and contrast altruism and prosocial behavior. In your explanation, include a good example of each concept that makes the primary difference between the concepts very clear.

Dima just finished listening to a charity album filled with songs about helping and caring for others who are victims of war in Darfur, tornadoes in the American South, and famine in Somalia. Why would she be more likely to help the lady parked near her whose car has a flat tire?

If you are in an emergency situation and need help, which of the following statements to a bystander is most likely to get you the help you need?

Greitemeyer and his colleagues have conducted a number of studies to examine the effects of video games on helping. They have some participants play a prosocial video game and others play a neutral video game. The independent variable of this research is the __________.

Briefly summarize the social exchange perspective of helping behavior.

On her first day of work in a new job, Amy would be most likely to feel resentful were a coworker to say to her, __________.

How do evolutionary psychologists use the concepts of kin selection and the reciprocity norm to explain human prosocial behavior?

Based on information from your text about the rates of volunteerism, which of the following countries has the highest rate of volunteerism in its population (47%) ?

If you were an employer who wanted to increase volunteerism among your employees, what strategy would you employ in order to increase the chances that the employees would continue to volunteer in the future?

At Cornell and Vassar, students intervened in emergencies. In both cases, they __________.

When community service work is required by a school or business, there is the downside risk that people will infer that they are volunteering only because it is required and will be less likely to freely volunteer in the future. This risk is known as the __________.