Question 1

Officers who are unlikely to learn from their mistakes or change their style of policing and tend to be the subject of a disproportionate number of citizen complaints are known as ______.

Accepted Answer

The term "rotten apples" is commonly used to refer to officers who demonstrate a pattern of unethical behavior, are resistant to change or learning from their mistakes, and tend to be the subject of a disproportionate number of citizen complaints.

Question 2

In a study by Dai et al.(2011),they found that only police ______ and their reception of citizen voices were significant factors in reducing citizen disrespect and non-compliance.

Accepted Answer

The study by Dai et al. (2011) found that the demeanor of police officers, or their behavior and attitudes, was a significant factor in reducing citizen disrespect and non-compliance. None of the other options (age, level of education, and years of experience) were found to be significant factors in the study.

Question 3

According to Kleinig (1996),shooting a person suspected of committing a misdemeanor violates ______.

Accepted Answer

According to Kleinig (1996), shooting a person suspected of committing a misdemeanor violates the principle of proportionality, which requires that the use of force be proportional to the threat presented. Shooting a person suspected of a misdemeanor is considered excessive force and not proportional to the level of threat posed by the offense.

Question 4

Which theoretical approach to the cause of police use of excessive force applies the 'rotten apple' theory argument?

Accepted Answer

The 'rotten apple' theory suggests that police use of excessive force is caused by a few officers who have pre-existing psychological problems, rather than systematic issues within the police department. This theory focuses on individual officers and their personality traits, rather than larger social or organizational factors.

Question 5

Which court case held that tasers constitute an "intermediate,significant level of force that must be justified by a strong government interest that compels the employment of such force"?

Accepted Answer

Bryan v. McPherson is the court case that held tasers constitute an "intermediate, significant level of force that must be justified by a strong government interest that compels the employment of such force." This case is significant in the context of use-of-force policies and the legal scrutiny of non-lethal weapons by law enforcement.

Question 6

The Supreme Court has declared that the use of deadly force is permitted only when an officer is confronted with ______.

Accepted Answer

The Supreme Court has declared that the use of deadly force is permitted only when an officer is confronted with a suspect that poses a threat of death or serious physical injury to the officer(s) or others. This is known as the "objective reasonableness" standard, established in the 1985 case of Tennessee v. Garner. Deadly force cannot be used to apprehend a fleeing suspect who does not pose an immediate danger. It is also not based on the suspicion or knowledge that a suspect is armed, but rather the perceived threat to the officer(s) or others in the immediate vicinity.

Question 7

When analyzing the Dirty Harry situation,which of the following is not one of the four conditions faced by a police officer?

Accepted Answer

The condition that the means used to achieve a good end are not normally considered morally wrong is not one of the conditions faced in a Dirty Harry situation. In such scenarios, the means are typically considered morally questionable or wrong, but are used anyway due to the perceived necessity to achieve a morally good outcome.

Question 8

When dealing with targeted entrapment by the police,which of the following conditions is considered to be the most morally problematic?

Accepted Answer

While all of the listed conditions are concerning, B is particularly problematic because it suggests that the police are not preventing crime but instead creating it themselves. This raises serious ethical concerns about the role of law enforcement in society and the potential for abusing power. A, C, and D may also raise moral concerns, but they do not necessarily involve the same level of coercion or manipulation as targeted entrapment.

Question 9

According to Kleinig (1996),when police methods shock the conscience or offend even hardened sensibilities,they are not abiding by ______.

Accepted Answer

The quote suggests that police methods that are shocking or offensive violate the principle of seemliness, which refers to appropriate behavior and manners in a particular context. The other options (proportionality, minimization, practicability) do not directly relate to the issue of shocking or offensive police methods.

Question 10

According to Clemons (2014),when police speak of their ______ about people who may be suspicious they may be influenced by subconscious associations between race and criminality.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Clemons (2014),when police speak of...

Question 11

In which U.S.Supreme Court case did the Court determine the "reasonableness" standard must be used in judging excessive,but non-deadly force?

Accepted Answer

Graham v. Connor established the "reasonableness" standard for assessing the use of excessive, but non-deadly force by law enforcement officers under the Fourth Amendment.

Question 12

In which U.S.Supreme Court case did the Court validate the use of deadly force during a high speed vehicle pursuit where the suspect endangered the lives of police and innocent third parties?

Accepted Answer

In Scott v. Harris, the Supreme Court held that a police officer's use of deadly force to end a high-speed car chase did not violate the Fourth Amendment's prohibition against unreasonable seizures, where the suspect posed a significant threat of death or serious physical injury to the officer or others. The Court found that the pursuit itself created a substantial risk of serious harm, and that the use of force was necessary to end the danger posed by the suspect. Neither Tennessee v. Garner nor Graham v. Connor addressed the specific issue of high-speed vehicle pursuits. Canton v. Harris dealt with municipal liability for failure to train and supervise employees, and is not relevant to this question.

Question 13

A study by Lawson (2015)of a simplified shooter video game found there was ______ difference in shooter bias between black and white participants.

Accepted Answer

The study found no difference in shooter bias between black and white participants.

Question 14

Which court case held that an officer uses excessive force when they deploy a taser against a person when their crime is minor and they are not actively resisting,attempting to flee,or posing any imminent danger?)

Accepted Answer

Brown v. City of Golden Valley held that an officer uses excessive force when they deploy a taser against a person when their crime is minor and they are not actively resisting, attempting to flee, or posing any imminent danger.

Question 15

Which theoretical approach to the cause of police use of excessive force regards police culture as a determining factor because police are seen as isolated from citizens?

Accepted Answer

The sociological approach considers police culture and the social environment in which police operate, including their isolation from citizens, as key factors influencing behavior such as the use of excessive force.

Question 16

In which Supreme Court case did the Court propose an objective test that focused on the nature of the police conduct,as opposed to the predisposition of the offender?

Accepted Answer

In Sherman v. United States, the Supreme Court proposed an objective test focusing on the nature of the police conduct rather than the predisposition of the offender, to determine if entrapment had occurred.

Question 17

During the 1970s and 80s what emerged to explain the increasing number of persons with mental illness entering the justice system?

Accepted Answer

The criminalization hypothesis emerged during the 1970s and 80s to explain the increasing number of persons with mental illness entering the justice system. This hypothesis suggests that changes in mental health policies and the closure of mental health institutions led to an increase in mentally ill individuals being arrested and prosecuted for minor offenses.

Question 18

What is a constitutional and moral right a person possesses in relation to others,particularly with regard to information possessed by others or in relation to the observation of others?

Accepted Answer

The constitutional and moral right a person possesses with regard to information possessed by others or in relation to the observation of others is privacy. Privacy refers to the right of individuals to keep certain aspects of their lives, thoughts, and feelings away from the public eye. This includes personal information, such as medical records, financial information, and communication. Privacy is considered a fundamental human right and is protected by various laws and regulations, including the Fourth Amendment of the US Constitution.

Question 19

The tightening of a suspect's handcuffs to punish an arrested person is unethical due to which of the following factors identified by Kleinig (1996)in assessing use of force in ethical terms?

Accepted Answer

The answer of The tightening of a suspect's handcuffs to...

Question 20

The taser was originally developed during the mid-______.

Accepted Answer

The taser was invented during the 1970s by Jack Cover, a NASA scientist.

Quiz 3: Police Ethics: Use of Force,investigations,interrogations,and Lying