Question 1

A 3 x 4 table represents a contingency table with twelve variables.

Accepted Answer

This represents a two-way contingency table displaying two variables - one with three levels and the other with four levels.

Question 2

Researchers will often use dummy coding and effects coding together.

Accepted Answer

False

Question 3

The distribution of the dependent variable determines which marginal total will serve as a base for computing percentages.

Accepted Answer

the nature of the problem the researcher wishes to answer will determine which marginal total will serve as a base for computing percentages.

Question 4

Researchers usually are more interested in the inner cells of a contingency table, which display conditional frequencies (combinations).

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. Researchers often focus on the conditional frequencies within a contingency table, as they can provide insights into the relationships between different variables being examined.

Question 5

The type of measurement scale used in the research study determines the possible statistical tests that can be used appropriately with the resulting data.

Accepted Answer

The type of measurement scale used in the research study affects the data's characteristics, such as level of measurement, variability, and distribution, which in turn determines the appropriate statistical tests for analysis. For example, nominal data can only be analyzed using non-parametric tests, while interval/ratio data can be analyzed using parametric tests.

Question 6

Cross-tabulation allows the inspection and comparison of differences among groups based on nominal or ordinal categories.

Accepted Answer

Cross-tabulation is a method used to analyze the differences among groups based on nominal or ordinal categories by organizing the data in a table format. It allows for easy visual comparison and inspection of patterns and relationships between the categories.

Question 7

The row and column totals in a contingency table are called subtotals because they are less than the total.

Accepted Answer

They are called marginals because they appear in the table's margins.

Question 8

Coding involves assigning some representative value to units of data having similar meaning.

Accepted Answer

Coding is the process of assigning some representative value (such as a number or symbol) to data with similar meaning, in order to facilitate analysis and comparison.

Question 9

All statistics that are appropriate to use for higher-order scales are also appropriate to use with lower-order scales.

Accepted Answer

All statistics appropriate for lower-order scales are suitable for higher-order scales.

Question 10

Researchers are usually most interested in the marginals of a contingency table.

Accepted Answer

Researchers are usually more interested in the inner cells of a contingency table.

Question 11

A significance level is a critical probability associated with a statistical hypothesis test that indicates how likely it is that an inference supporting a difference between an observed value and some statistical expectation is true.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. The significance level, also known as alpha, is a threshold probability value used to determine whether to reject or fail to reject a null hypothesis in a statistical hypothesis test. It represents the probability of obtaining a test statistic as extreme or more extreme than the observed value, assuming the null hypothesis is true. A smaller significance level indicates a stronger inference supporting the alternative hypothesis. Common values for the significance level include 0.05 and 0.01.

Question 12

Tabulation refers to the orderly arrangement of data in a summary format.

Accepted Answer

Tabulation involves organizing data into columns or rows for easy understanding and comparison. It involves creating tables and charts to present the data in an organized manner. Therefore, the statement is true.

Question 13

An index split means that respondents below the observed median go into one category and respondents above the median go into another.

Accepted Answer

A median split means that respondents below the observed median go into one category and respondents above the median go into another.

Question 14

CHAID (chi-square automatic interaction detection)software makes searches through large numbers of variables possible.

Accepted Answer

CHAID software is designed for searching through large numbers of variables to identify significant relationships and interactions between them.

Question 15

When a data set is unimodal, a median split of the data is inappropriate.

Accepted Answer

When a data set is unimodal, there is only one peak or mode, which makes it inappropriate to split it into two groups based on the median value. Instead, it may be more appropriate to use other measures such as quartiles or percentiles to divide the data into groups.

Question 16

The purpose of a table in a research report is to summarize and communicate the meaning of the data to the reader.

Accepted Answer

A table is used to present data in a clear and organized way, allowing the reader to easily grasp the main points and trends. Its purpose is to summarize and communicate the meaning of the data, providing a visual representation of the information presented in the text.

Question 17

Index numbers represent simple data transformations that allow researchers to track a variable's value over time and compare a variable(s)with other variables.

Accepted Answer

Index numbers are used to track changes in variables over time and compare them with other variables.

Question 18

Suppose a third variable inserted into an analysis changes the results of when two other variables were studied previously.This third variable is called a moderator variable.

Accepted Answer

This is true, a moderator variable is a variable that affects the relationship between two other variables in a study, changing the results or the strength of the relationship.

Question 19

Combining the data from adjacent categories of a Likert-scale item is a common form of data transformation.

Accepted Answer

Combining adjacent categories of a Likert-scale item can be done to simplify the data and increase statistical power. For example, combining "strongly disagree" and "disagree" into one category and "strongly agree" and "agree" in another category can make analysis easier and may result in clearer patterns of response.

Question 20

A contingency table is a data matrix that displays the frequency of some combination of possible responses to multiple variables.

Accepted Answer

This is the correct definition of a contingency table.

Quiz 14: Basic Data Analysis