Question 1

The overall finding is that reduced working memory performance is related to _____ activation of the anterior cingulated cortex in older adults compared to younger adults.

Accepted Answer

The statement suggests that there is a difference in activation of the anterior cingulate cortex between younger and older adults in relation to working memory performance. Specifically, the finding is that reduced working memory performance is related to decreased activation of the anterior cingulate cortex in older adults compared to younger adults. Therefore, the best choice is B (decreased). A (increased) is incorrect, as the statement indicates that the opposite is true. C (neurotransmitter) and D (cognitive) are not directly related to the statement and are therefore incorrect.

Question 2

Older adults form Western cultures showed significantly _____ object-processing adaptation in the lateral occipital complex.

Accepted Answer

Older adults form Western cultures showed significantly greater object-processing adaptation in the lateral occipital complex.

Question 3

Emotional processing areas of the brain are _____ whereas higher-order executive cognitive process seems to _____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Emotional processing areas of the brain are...

Question 4

Park and Reuter-Lorenz argue,that the integrative approach embraces a lifelong potential for plasticity and the ability to _____ to age-related changes.

Accepted Answer

The sentence is talking about the ability to respond to age-related changes, which suggests a need for adaptation or adjustment. The word "change" is too general, while "approve" and "modify" do not accurately reflect the concept of responding to age-related changes with flexibility and resilience. Therefore, the best choice is B, adapt.

Question 5

Older adults from East Asia showed almost _____ adaptation in the lateral occipital complex.

Accepted Answer

The passage states that "older adults from East Asia showed almost no adaptation in the lateral occipital complex." Therefore, the best choice is A) no.

Question 6

Which one of the following part of the brain is preserved from aging?

Accepted Answer

The amygdala is relatively preserved from aging compared to other brain regions, maintaining its function and structure better over time.

Question 7

Activation of both left and right prefrontal areas of the brain is called _____ activation.

Accepted Answer

Bilateral activation refers to the activation of both the left and right prefrontal areas of the brain.

Question 8

The scaffolding theory of cognitive aging model (STAC)suggest that the reason older adults continue to perform at _____ levels despite neuronal deterioration is because of compensatory scaffolding.

Accepted Answer

According to the STAC model, older adults continue to perform at high levels despite neuronal deterioration because of compensatory scaffolding, which involves the recruitment of additional brain regions and neural pathways to support cognitive functioning.

Question 9

Bilateral activation in older adults may serve a functional and supportive role in their _____ functioning.

Accepted Answer

Bilateral activation has been found to have a positive correlation with cognitive functioning in older adults. It has been shown to improve memory, attention, and executive functioning, which are all important aspects of cognitive function. Conscious and unconscious functioning are not directly related to bilateral activation, and cultural functioning is unlikely to be impacted by this neurological phenomenon.

Question 10

Reduced frontal recruitment in aging is _____ dependent.

Accepted Answer

Reduced frontal recruitment in aging is context dependent, meaning that it occurs more in situations where context is important for successful performance, such as in tasks involving working memory, attention, and executive functions.

Question 11

Default network of the brain refers to regions of the brain that are most _____ at rest.

Accepted Answer

The default network of the brain refers to regions that are most active when a person is at rest and not focused on the outside world, often involved in daydreaming, recalling memories, or thinking about the future.

Question 12

Compensation is the brain's response to _____.

Accepted Answer

Compensation is the way the brain responds to a challenge or injury by adapting to new circumstances and finding alternative ways to perform tasks. It is a form of neuroplasticity and can lead to functional improvements in individuals with disabilities or injuries.

Question 13

Overall,age-related change seems to have more profound effect on changes in brain _____ than _____.

Accepted Answer

Age-related changes tend to have a more significant impact on brain functioning compared to cultural influences.

Question 14

Most significant findings in the cognitive aging neuroscience literature is the observed _____ of neural activation patterns when comparing younger and older adults' brain activity during the performance of cognitive tasks.

Accepted Answer

The most significant finding in the cognitive aging neuroscience literature is the observed discontinuity of neural activation patterns when comparing younger and older adults' brain activity during the performance of cognitive tasks. This means that older adults tend to use different neural networks than younger adults when performing the same cognitive tasks, indicating a decline in cognitive function with age.

Question 15

_____ is a multifaceted concept that applies across the life span,and involves the interaction between the brain and the environment and is mostly used to describe the effects of experience on the structure and functions of the neural system.

Accepted Answer

Plasticity is the concept that describes the brain's ability to change and adapt throughout an individual's life in response to their environment and experiences. This involves the modification of neural connections, both structurally and functionally, and is critical for learning, memory, and recovery from brain injuries. The other options, such as neural and neuroscience, are related terms but do not fully capture the idea of brain plasticity. Neurofibrillary is not a relevant concept in this context.

Question 16

Evidence has shown that the _____ in frontal activity in older adults may be a response to the _____ efficiency of neural processing related to the perceptual areas of the brain.

Accepted Answer

The sentence is stating that there is an increase in frontal activity in older adults, but this is actually a result of decreased efficiency of neural processing related to perceptual areas of the brain. Therefore, the best choice is D, which states an increase in frontal activity and a decrease in neural processing efficiency.

Question 17

Reduced brain activation or _____ of the prefrontal cortex occurs during intentional cognitive processing.

Accepted Answer

Reduced brain activation or under-recruitment of the prefrontal cortex occurs during intentional cognitive processing, which can lead to decreased cognitive performance.

Question 18

Lateral occipital complex is involved in _____ processing.

Accepted Answer

The lateral occipital complex is a region in the brain that is predominantly involved in the processing of visual information.

Question 19

The anterior cingulated cortex is affiliated with the prefrontal cortex and is involved in _____ control.

Accepted Answer

The anterior cingulate cortex is involved in executive control, which includes decision-making, behavioral planning, and attentional control. While it is also involved in cognitive and attentional processes, executive control is its primary function. Thought is too broad to be exclusively affiliated with any single brain region.

Question 20

Research findings have shown an association between bilateral activation in older adults and _____ performance in a number of tasks,including _____ memory tasks.

Accepted Answer

Bilateral activation refers to the simultaneous activation of both brain hemispheres. Research has indicated that older adults who exhibit bilateral activation perform better on working memory tasks, which involve the short-term storage and manipulation of information, compared to those who exhibit unilateral activation. Therefore, the correct answer is C - higher; working.

Quiz 2: Neuroscience As a Basis for Adult Development and Aging