Question 1

Which of the following is not a kind of elaboration?
A) intervening
B) explanation
C) replication
D) specification
E) interpretation

Accepted Answer

Intervening is not a kind of elaboration; it refers to something occurring between events or processes, rather than expanding or clarifying information.

Question 2

A Pearson's r of ­.20 has been calculated for the relationship between two variables,X and J.What can be said?
A) This is a relationship where as X increases or decreases, J goes in the opposite direction to a very small degree.
B) This is a relationship where as X increases or decreases, J goes in the same direction to a very small degree.
C) This is a relationship where as X increases, J also increases to a significant degree.
D) This is a relationship where there is no connection at all between X and J.
E) This is a relationship where X and J are related causally.

Accepted Answer

A Pearson's r of ­.20 indicates a weak negative correlation between X and J. This means that as X increases or decreases, J goes in the opposite direction to a very small degree.

Question 3

Professor Stewart is beginning a study of how first year students adjust to college life.Based on his twenty years of college teaching,he believes that students will differ with respect to their academic abilities,motivation to attend college and family support.He believes that there are six categories that reflect where students fall along these dimensions.Stewart and the students in his research methods classes will be interviewing freshmen.Stewart's development of these categories is an example of
A) anticipatory data reduction.
B) coding.
C) data displays.
D) anticipatory socialization.
E) memoing.

Accepted Answer

Stewart's development of categories before conducting interviews is an example of anticipatory data reduction, where researchers develop categories or themes beforehand to organize their data.

Question 4

In a frequency distribution,we are
A) displaying the number of cases that fall in categories.
B) showing the connections between descriptive statistics.
C) examining the central tendencies of variables.
D) testing out our coding schemes.
E) analyzing multiple variables.

Accepted Answer

In a frequency distribution, we are displaying the number of cases that fall in categories. We are essentially summarizing the distribution of a variable by showing how many times each value or range of values occurs.

Question 5

Miles and Huberman suggest two competing approaches to qualitative data analysis:
A) symbolic interactionist and conflict theory.
B) social anthropology and social accounting.
C) social anthropology and interpretivist.
D) interpretivist and symbolic interactionist.
E) none of these

Accepted Answer

Miles and Huberman suggest social anthropology and interpretivist as two competing approaches to qualitative data analysis, focusing on understanding cultural contexts and subjective meanings.

Question 6

Of the following variables,the one most appropriate for analyzing central tendency by using the mean is
A) city of residence.
B) height.
C) race and ethnic identity.
D) degree of attractiveness to the opposite sex.
E) major.

Accepted Answer

Height is a continuous numerical variable that can be measured and averaged using the mean. The other variables are either categorical (city of residence, race and ethnic identity, major) or subjective and difficult to quantify (degree of attractiveness to the opposite sex). For categorical variables, a mode or frequency distribution might be more appropriate measures of central tendency. For subjective variables, median or mode might be more appropriate.

Question 7

Examining the relationship between a mother's occupation and her daughter's selection of an occupation is an
Example of
A) univariate analysis.
B) bivariate analysis.
C) descriptive analysis.
D) a measure of central tendency.
E) elaboration.

Accepted Answer

Bivariate analysis examines the relationship between two variables, in this case, the mother's occupation and the daughter's occupation. This goes beyond just describing each variable individually (descriptive analysis - C) or looking at one variable alone (univariate analysis - A). It is not a measure of central tendency (D) or elaboration (E).

Question 8

The elaboration technique that helps a researcher determine that the original relationship was spurious is known as
A) replication.
B) explanation.
C) specification.
D) interpretation.
E) spurious.

Accepted Answer

Explanation is the technique used to determine if an original relationship is spurious by introducing a third variable that accounts for the observed association.

Question 9

The graph of a normal distribution looks like a(n)
A) bell.
B) pyramid.
C) oval.
D) tripod.
E) square.

Accepted Answer

The graph of a normal distribution is commonly referred to as a "bell curve" because it resembles the shape of a bell with a smooth, symmetrical curve that peaks in the middle and tapers off at the ends.

Question 10

Using_______,we can examine the relationship among several variables to understand how these are related by introducing variables in a series of crosstabulations and testing for the strength of these relationships.
A) common logic
B) bivariate analysis
C) the elaboration model
D) chi square
E) probability

Accepted Answer

The elaboration model is used to examine the relationship among several variables by introducing variables in a series of crosstabulations and testing for the strength of these relationships. It helps in understanding how variables are related by elaborating on the initial relationship between two variables with the addition of other variables.

Question 11

As a measure of dispersion,a______tells us how far the mean is from individual scores.
A) range
B) standard deviation
C) mode
D) regular distribution
E) variation

Accepted Answer

The standard deviation is a measure of dispersion that tells us how far the scores are from the mean. A large standard deviation indicates that the scores are more spread out, while a small standard deviation indicates that the scores are closer together. The other options, such as range, mode, regular distribution, and variation, do not provide information about the distance between the mean and individual scores like standard deviation does.

Question 12

Crosstabulation is a technique used to
A) examine the association between two variables.
B) show causal relationships.
C) illustrate multiple ways to analyze variables.
D) analyze hypotheses.
E) categorically define variables.

Accepted Answer

Crosstabulation is a statistical tool that helps to understand the relationship between two variables. It is used to analyze the association between the variables and to know the dependence or independence between them. It is not a tool to show causal relationships or categorically define variables, but it is used to examine the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables.

Question 13

Quantitative analysis examines relationships among variables while qualitative analysis is more concerned with
A) developing an understanding or thick description of situations.
B) employing statistical analysis to test theories.
C) critiquing existing social and political arrangements.
D) determining the ultimate truth about a social phenomenon.
E) solving social problems.

Accepted Answer

Qualitative analysis is focused on developing an understanding or thick description of situations, as opposed to quantitative analysis which examines relationships among variables through statistical analysis. The other options are not accurate descriptions of the primary focus of qualitative analysis.

Question 14

In writing a report,it is important to complete a literature search so that
A) readers will be impressed with all the work you have done.
B) you are able to present an argument that this research is important to do.
C) you ground yourself in the field and are well informed about the topic.
D) you are able to present an argument that this research is important to do and you ground yourself in the field and are well informed about the topic.
E) all of these.

Accepted Answer

Completing a literature search is important in order to understand the current state of knowledge on the topic being researched, and to identify gaps in existing research that the new study can fill. This will help the writer present a strong argument for the importance of the research. It also shows that the writer is well-informed about the topic and has done their due diligence in reviewing existing literature. Impressing readers is not the primary goal of a literature search, but rather conducting a thorough and comprehensive review of existing research in order to inform the new study.

Question 15

If as the value of A (let's say height)increases,B (let's say weight)also increases,we can say that they
A) are inversely related.
B) are positively related.
C) are causally related.
D) are spuriously related.
E) are graphically related.

Accepted Answer

A and B are positively related because as the value of A increases, the value of B also increases. Inverse relationship (choice A) refers to a situation where an increase in A leads to a decrease in B. Causal relationship (choice C) means that a change in A causes a change in B. Spurious relationship (choice D) refers to a relationship between A and B that is a result of a third variable that is not accounted for. Graphically related (choice E) is not a commonly used term in statistical analysis.

Question 16

Measures of central tendency do not include
A) mode.
B) median.
C) mean.
D) standard deviation.
E) none of these

Accepted Answer

Standard deviation is a measure of variability or dispersion, which is separate from measures of central tendency (mode, median, and mean).

Question 17

The______model allows a researcher to examine more than two variables at a time.
A) multivariable
B) elaboration
C) variable
D) interpretation
E) central tendency

Accepted Answer

The answer of The______model allows a researcher to examine more...

Question 18

A researcher computes a statistic with a probability of p>.05.This means that
A) it is likely there is a strong relationship between the variables.
B) the relationship is likely not strong enough to suggest that it exists in the population.
C) the researcher should calculate another statistic.
D) the researcher is guilty of Type II error.
E) the variable is reliable.

Accepted Answer

A probability value of p>.05 means that there is a high likelihood that the observed relationship is due to chance and not a true relationship in the population. Therefore, the relationship is likely not strong enough to suggest that it exists in the population.

Question 19

Social anthropological approaches to qualitative research aim to
A) analyze relationships between discrete variables.
B) discover regular patterns in social interaction.
C) apply their own interpretive frameworks and accounts.
D) strike a balance between deductive and inductive theorizing.
E) balance qualitative and quantitative methods.

Accepted Answer

Social anthropological approaches to qualitative research focus on understanding and discovering regular patterns in social interactions and cultural practices.

Question 20

A contingency table helps to display
A) how categories within variables are related.
B) whether the variables are accurate representations of reality.
C) whether relationships are related causally.
D) whether the variables are mutually exclusive.
E) the extent to which variables are valid.

Accepted Answer

A contingency table shows the relationship between two categorical variables by organizing the observations into categories based on each variable. It helps to display how categories within variables are related to each other, making it easier to analyze and interpret the data.

Quiz 15: Quantitative and Qualitative Data Analysis

Which of the following is not a kind of elaboration?

A Pearson's r of .20 has been calculated for the relationship between two variables,X and J.What can be said?

In a frequency distribution,we are

Miles and Huberman suggest two competing approaches to qualitative data analysis:

Of the following variables,the one most appropriate for analyzing central tendency by using the mean is

Examining the relationship between a mother's occupation and her daughter's selection of an occupation is an Example of

The elaboration technique that helps a researcher determine that the original relationship was spurious is known as

The graph of a normal distribution looks like a(n)

Using_______,we can examine the relationship among several variables to understand how these are related by introducing variables in a series of crosstabulations and testing for the strength of these relationships.

As a measure of dispersion,a______tells us how far the mean is from individual scores.

Crosstabulation is a technique used to

Quantitative analysis examines relationships among variables while qualitative analysis is more concerned with

In writing a report,it is important to complete a literature search so that

If as the value of A (let's say height) increases,B (let's say weight) also increases,we can say that they

Measures of central tendency do not include

The______model allows a researcher to examine more than two variables at a time.

A researcher computes a statistic with a probability of p>.05.This means that

Social anthropological approaches to qualitative research aim to

A contingency table helps to display