Question 1

Define validity and authenticity as goals of social research.Explain why both are important for generating social science.

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Question 2

Schutt states "the adequacy of an explanation formulated after the fact is necessarily less certain than an explanation presented prior to the collection of data" .Explain in your own words what this statement means for students who will be conducting research of their own.

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Question 3

Describe in detail the process of searching for information on the web and in the social science literature.How might you assess the credibility of sources from the web and from the literature? List and explain at least four reasons why articles in social science journals are preferable in social research to most web pages.

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Question 4

What is the difference between exploratory and explanatory research?

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Question 5

The independent variable is the effect or consequence of the dependent variable.

Accepted Answer

This statement is actually the other way around. The dependent variable is the effect or consequence of the independent variable.

Question 6

When an independent variable decreases,and the dependent variable also decreases,the direction of association is negative.

Accepted Answer

When both the independent variable and the dependent variable decrease together, the direction of association is positive, as they move in the same direction.

Question 7

Generalizability is when a conclusion that A leads to or results in B is correct.

Accepted Answer

Generalizability refers to the extent to which a conclusion based on a particular sample can be applied to a larger population or situation. If the conclusion is correct for the sample, it may be generalized to the larger population or situation.

Question 8

Outline the procedure for conducting a literature review of social scientific literature.Describe how articles are assessed for credibility.Describe how articles are coordinated to create an integrated literature review.

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Question 9

Discuss the research of Sherman and Berk (1984)on the effect of arrest on domestic abuse.What was their research hypothesis? What were their independent and dependent variables? Describe how their hypothesis was designed to test deterrence theory and labeling theory.For which theory did their hypothesis provide support? How did later studies improve on this initial research?

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Question 10

Sample generalizability exists when a conclusion based on a sample of a larger population holds true for that population.

Accepted Answer

Sample generalizability refers to the extent to which the findings of a study conducted on a sample can be generalized to a larger population. If the sample is representative of the population and the study is conducted appropriately, then the conclusion drawn from the sample can be applied to the population with some level of certainty. Therefore, the statement is true.

Question 11

How does descriptive research differ from inductive and deductive research? In what circumstances is descriptive research commonly found?

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Question 12

A researcher asks five questions of a sample of community residents to find out how much they fear crime and whether their level of fear was influenced by a recent well-publicized murder in the community.Explain what the three dimensions of validity would refer to in this study and why they are important.

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Question 13

Descriptive research does not involve connecting theory and data.

Accepted Answer

Descriptive research is focused on describing a particular phenomenon or population without making any causal connections or testing hypotheses. It does not involve connecting theory and data.

Question 14

Empirical generalizations are patterns found in existing data.

Accepted Answer

Empirical generalizations refer to patterns that are observed in existing data, making option A true.

Question 15

In which circumstances are descriptive,exploratory,explanatory,and evaluation research appropriate? Give an example for each.

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Question 16

A negative direction of association occurs when as the independent variable decreases,so does the dependent variable.

Accepted Answer

A negative direction of association occurs when as the independent variable increases, the dependent variable decreases, or vice versa.

Question 17

Inductive explanations are more trustworthy if they are tested subsequently with deductive research.

Accepted Answer

Inductive explanations are based on observations and generalizations drawn from them. However, they may not always be accurate or applicable to every situation. Deductive research, on the other hand, uses established theories to test hypotheses and make predictions. By subjecting inductive explanations to deductive testing, researchers can verify their validity and reliability, increasing their trustworthiness. Thus, inductive explanations are more trustworthy if they are tested subsequently with deductive research.

Question 18

Papers presented at professional conferences are subject to the same rigorous peer review as refereed journals.

Accepted Answer

While papers presented at professional conferences do undergo some level of review, they do not undergo the same rigorous peer review process as traditional refereed journals. Conference papers may go through a less formal review process or be reviewed by a smaller group of individuals.

Question 19

Authenticity is when the understanding of a social process is one that reflects fairly on various participants in that setting.

Accepted Answer

Authenticity is about accurately and fairly representing the experiences and perspectives of different participants in a social process or context. It involves recognizing and respecting the diversity of identities, values, and perspectives that may be present, and ensuring that all voices are heard and valued.

Question 20

Describe the research circle that connects social theory to data collection.What are the principle components of this research circle? Using an example of your own choosing,describe two research designs based on this circle: one using inductive logic and one using deductive logic.What are the strengths and weaknesses of each of these designs?

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Quiz 2: The Process and Problems of Social Research