Question 1

A group that people perceive as distinctively different from or apart from their own group is called a(n)
A) ingroup.
B) outgroup.
C) intragroup.
D) personal group.

Accepted Answer

An outgroup is a group that is perceived as distinctively different from or apart from one's own group. An ingroup, on the other hand, is the group to which a person belongs or feels a sense of loyalty towards. The terms intragroup and personal group do not refer to this distinction between groups.

Question 2

In the context of social identity, a group of people who share a sense of belonging or a feeling of common identity is called a(n)
A) ingroup.
B) outgroup.
C) control group.
D) intragroup.

Accepted Answer

An ingroup is a group of people who share a sense of belonging or a feeling of common identity. They often have similar characteristics, interests, or goals and feel a sense of loyalty and solidarity towards each other. Outgroups, on the other hand, are groups with whom individuals do not identify and may even view as competitors or threats. A control group is a group used in research to compare the effects of an intervention or treatment. An intragroup refers to interactions and dynamics within a specific group.

Question 3

What happens when people's personal and social identities become fused?
A) People start fighting within the group.
B) Boundaries between self and group increases.
C) People become more willing to die for their group.
D) Violation of group norms increases.

Accepted Answer

When people's personal and social identities become fused, they start to see themselves as an extension of their group. This leads to an increased willingness to die for their group, as their personal identity is now closely tied to the group identity. This is known as a phenomenon called "identity fusion."

Question 4

In the context of social identity, according to Myers, many disadvantaged youths find pride and identity in gang affiliations, which is their way of
A) justifying their racial discrimination.
B) justifying their religious discrimination.
C) establishing social dominance.
D) seeking self-esteem.

Accepted Answer

Disadvantaged youths often face discrimination and social exclusion, which can lead to a lack of self-esteem. Joining a gang can provide them with a sense of identity, belonging, and purpose, which can boost their self-esteem. Gang affiliations can give them a feeling of power and control in a world where they may feel powerless. Therefore, seeking self-esteem is the most appropriate option.

Question 5

The realistic group conflict theory suggests that prejudice arises
A) when groups share a common goal.
B) when people believe that they get what they deserve and deserve what they get.
C) between groups who fail to communicate clearly with each other.
D) when groups compete for scarce resources.

Accepted Answer

The realistic group conflict theory proposes that prejudice arises from competition between groups over scarce resources, such as money, land, or jobs. As the groups compete for these limited resources, they become more and more resentful of each other and more likely to view the other group as a threat. This can lead to negative stereotypes, discrimination, and even violence. Therefore, choice D - when groups compete for scarce resources - is the best answer.

Question 6

Schwarz and Kurz's (1989) research in Germany has confirmed that people whose faces are prominent in photos seem
A) more physically attractive.
B) less powerful.
C) younger.
D) more intelligent and ambitious.

Accepted Answer

Schwarz and Kurz's research found that individuals with prominent faces in photos are perceived as more intelligent and ambitious.

Question 7

Studies of Whites by Pettigrew in South Africa and the American South in the 1950s revealed that those who _____ were also most prejudiced.
A) had the most education
B) conformed most to other social norms
C) were the most disadvantaged
D) had the greatest amount of social power

Accepted Answer

Pettigrew's studies indicated that individuals who conformed most to other social norms were also the most prejudiced, as conformity to prevailing social norms often included adopting prevalent prejudices.

Question 8

Gordon Allport has concluded that "The role of _____ is paradoxical. It makes prejudice and it unmakes prejudice."
A) power
B) religion
C) self-esteem
D) education

Accepted Answer

Gordon Allport concluded that religion is paradoxical because it can both create and reduce prejudice, depending on how it is interpreted and practiced.

Question 9

Cultural attitudes, including prejudice, are embodied and reinforced in
A) schools.
B) government.
C) the media.
D) all of the above

Accepted Answer

Cultural attitudes, including prejudice, are reinforced and embodied in all three options listed: schools, government, and the media. Schools may teach biased histories and favor certain groups, while government policies and actions can perpetuate systemic discrimination. Media representation and messaging also have a significant impact on cultural attitudes and perceptions of different groups.

Question 10

Which of the following statements about the social sources of prejudice is FALSE?
A) A group that enjoys social and economic superiority often uses prejudicial beliefs to justify its privileged position.
B) Children are brought up in ways that foster or reduce prejudice.
C) Religious communities can sustain or reduce prejudice.
D) Social institutions and policies don't support prejudice.

Accepted Answer

This statement is false as social institutions and policies can both support and perpetuate prejudice. For example, segregation laws in the United States during the Jim Crow era were institutionalized policies that supported prejudice and discrimination against black Americans. Similarly, immigration policies that favor certain ethnic or national groups over others can perpetuate prejudice and discrimination.

Question 11

More lynching of Blacks took place in the old South during years when cotton prices were low, suggesting that prejudice is partly explained by
A) chauvinism.
B) the just-world hypothesis.
C) displaced aggression.
D) antisemitism.

Accepted Answer

When economic conditions were poor, such as during times of low cotton prices, frustration and aggression were displaced onto marginalized groups like Blacks, leading to increased lynching.

Question 12

In examining photographs of people in magazines and newspapers, Archer and his colleagues (1983) found that, relative to the average female photo, the average male photo is more likely to
A) emphasize the face.
B) emphasize the body.
C) include the situational context.
D) display a standing posture.

Accepted Answer

Archer and his colleagues found that the average male photo is more likely to emphasize the face, whereas the average female photo is more likely to emphasize the body. Therefore, the best answer is (A) emphasize the face.

Question 13

John has just failed a chemistry test. He goes back to his apartment and criticizes his roommate's choice of music. What term best describes John's behavior?
A) chauvinism
B) just-world action
C) displaced aggression
D) xenophobia

Accepted Answer

John is displacing his aggression towards his roommate's choice of music, which has nothing to do with his failed chemistry test. This is a common defense mechanism where one redirects their negative emotions onto someone or something else.

Question 14

In the context of religion and racial prejudice, a consistent finding is that no matter how religious commitment is assessed,
A) the less devout are less prejudiced.
B) commitment bears no relation to prejudice.
C) the very devout are less prejudiced.
D) the very devout are the most prejudiced.

Accepted Answer

Research often shows that individuals with a deep, intrinsic religious commitment tend to be less prejudiced, as their beliefs emphasize compassion and equality.

Question 15

When the cause of our frustration is intimidating or unknown, we often redirect our hostility. This phenomenon is known as
A) chavinism.
B) displaced aggression.
C) cognitive dissonance.
D) desegregatation.

Accepted Answer

Displaced aggression refers to the psychological phenomenon of redirecting frustration or aggression from where it originated to a less threatening target, often because the initial cause of frustration is not present or is unknown. This can result in such behaviors as road rage, taking out anger on a loved one, or scapegoating a group of people.

Question 16

A tendency to favor one's group is called
A) intergroup bias.
B) ingroup bias.
C) outgroup bias.
D) groupthink bias.

Accepted Answer

The tendency to favor one's own group over other groups is called ingroup bias. This bias can lead to prejudice and discrimination against members of outgroups. Intergroup bias refers to a more general phenomenon of favoring one's own group, whether ingroup or outgroup, over other groups. Outgroup bias refers specifically to negative attitudes and behaviors towards outgroups. Groupthink bias refers to a group's tendency to prioritize group cohesion and consensus over critical thinking and decision-making.

Question 17

According to studies done by Hoffman (1977), children of _____ have less stereotyped views of men and women.
A) authoritarian parents
B) employed women
C) devoutly religious parents
D) stay-at-home mothers

Accepted Answer

According to Hoffman's 1977 study, children of employed women had less stereotyped views of men and women. The other options are not mentioned in the study or do not necessarily correlate with children having less stereotyped views of gender roles.

Question 18

Elena's boss told her that she is being let go due to the downsizing of the company. Later that day when she gets home, she is critical of her friend's choice of restaurant for dinner. What term best describes Elena's behavior?
A) chauvinism
B) just-world action
C) displaced aggression
D) authoritarian regression

Accepted Answer

Displaced aggression refers to the redirecting of negative feelings onto a person or object that is not the actual source of those feelings. In this case, Elena may be feeling angry or upset about losing her job, but instead of expressing those feelings toward her boss or the company, she criticizes her friend's choice of restaurant.

Question 19

In the context of the realistic group conflict theory, in evolutionary biology, Gause's law states that maximum competition will exist between species with
A) identical needs.
B) abundant resources.
C) multiple leaders.
D) differing values.

Accepted Answer

According to the realistic group conflict theory, intergroup competition arises when there is a perceived conflict of interest between groups over limited resources. The more similar the groups' needs are, the greater the potential for conflict. Gause's law, on the other hand, states that maximum competition will exist between species with identical needs, as they will be competing for the same resources. Therefore, the best choice is A.

Question 20

The "we" aspect of our self-concept is what social psychologists call
A) our self-realization.
B) our social identity.
C) an impact group.
D) a social stigma.

Accepted Answer

The "we" aspect of our self-concept refers to our social identity, which is how we define ourselves in relation to groups we belong to or identify with.

Quiz 9: Thinking and Language

A group that people perceive as distinctively different from or apart from their own group is called a(n)

In the context of social identity, a group of people who share a sense of belonging or a feeling of common identity is called a(n)

What happens when people's personal and social identities become fused?

In the context of social identity, according to Myers, many disadvantaged youths find pride and identity in gang affiliations, which is their way of

The realistic group conflict theory suggests that prejudice arises

Schwarz and Kurz's (1989) research in Germany has confirmed that people whose faces are prominent in photos seem

Studies of Whites by Pettigrew in South Africa and the American South in the 1950s revealed that those who _____ were also most prejudiced.

Gordon Allport has concluded that "The role of _____ is paradoxical. It makes prejudice and it unmakes prejudice."

Cultural attitudes, including prejudice, are embodied and reinforced in

Which of the following statements about the social sources of prejudice is FALSE?

More lynching of Blacks took place in the old South during years when cotton prices were low, suggesting that prejudice is partly explained by

In examining photographs of people in magazines and newspapers, Archer and his colleagues (1983) found that, relative to the average female photo, the average male photo is more likely to

John has just failed a chemistry test. He goes back to his apartment and criticizes his roommate's choice of music. What term best describes John's behavior?

In the context of religion and racial prejudice, a consistent finding is that no matter how religious commitment is assessed,

When the cause of our frustration is intimidating or unknown, we often redirect our hostility. This phenomenon is known as

A tendency to favor one's group is called

According to studies done by Hoffman (1977) , children of _____ have less stereotyped views of men and women.

Elena's boss told her that she is being let go due to the downsizing of the company. Later that day when she gets home, she is critical of her friend's choice of restaurant for dinner. What term best describes Elena's behavior?

In the context of the realistic group conflict theory, in evolutionary biology, Gause's law states that maximum competition will exist between species with

The "we" aspect of our self-concept is what social psychologists call