Question 1

Frustration is noted to arise from
A) a mismatch between achievements and rewards.
B) the gap between expectations and attainments.
C) the deprivation of elements essential to survival.
D) learned helplessness and hopelessness.

Accepted Answer

Frustration often arises when an individual's expectations are not met, which creates a gap between what they anticipate and what they ultimately achieve. This mismatch can be a significant source of frustration and can lead to negative emotions such as anger, disappointment, and dissatisfaction. While A, C, and D can also lead to frustration in different contexts, the best choice for this question is B.

Question 2

The frustration-aggression theory is designed to explain
A) hostile aggression.
B) instrumental aggression.
C) both hostile and instrumental aggression.
D) neither hostile nor instrumental aggression.

Accepted Answer

The frustration-aggression theory explains hostile aggression, which is motivated by anger and the desire to harm others. It does not explain instrumental aggression, which is motivated by the desire to achieve a goal or gain something valuable.

Question 3

The redirection of aggression to a target other than the source of the frustration is referred to as
A) displacement.
B) substitution.
C) deprivation
D) projection.

Accepted Answer

Displacement refers to the redirection of aggression or frustration to a target that is not the original source of the emotion. This can happen when the original source of frustration or anger is too powerful or threatening to confront directly, so the emotion is displaced onto a less threatening target.

Question 4

Your boss told you that she is giving you a 5 percent raise starting with your next paycheck. You are very pleased to hear this good news until you learn that some of your coworkers earned a 10 percent raise. Now you are unhappy and angry about your raise. Your experience is best explained in terms of
A) the adaptation-level phenomenon.
B) the relative deprivation principle.
C) the displacement theory.
D) Parkinson's second law.

Accepted Answer

The relative deprivation principle states that we feel discontent when we compare ourselves to others who are better off than us. In this case, the coworker's larger raise creates a sense of relative deprivation for the individual, causing them to feel unhappy and angry about their own raise.

Question 5

In a famous experiment by Albert Bandura and his colleagues, children watched an adult attack a Bobo doll with a mallet. They were then shown some toys that they were forbidden to play with. When they were taken to another room, they
A) began to cry.
B) attacked a Bobo doll.
C) verbally attacked the adult experimenter.
D) chose to watch a violent rather than a nonviolent film.

Accepted Answer

The children in the experiment attacked the Bobo doll after watching the adult do so, which demonstrates how exposure to violence can influence behavior. The other options are not mentioned in the experiment's findings.

Question 6

The blocking of goal-directed behavior is called
A) instrumental aggression.
B) hostile aggression.
C) frustration.
D) displacement.

Accepted Answer

The blocking of goal-directed behavior is referred to as frustration. Frustration occurs when an individual is prevented from attaining a desired goal or fulfilling a motivational drive. This situation can elicit a range of emotional and behavioral responses, including anger, disappointment, and aggression.

Question 7

A person kicking the wall after losing a game of poker is an example of
A) regression.
B) displacement.
C) relative deprivation.
D) the weapons effect.

Accepted Answer

Kicking the wall is a form of displacement, which is when a person redirects their emotional impulses (in this case, the frustration and anger from losing the game of poker) onto a less threatening target (the wall).

Question 8

After arguing with her boyfriend over the telephone, Roberta smashes down the receiver and then throws the phone
Across the room. This behavior most clearly demonstrates
A) the weapons effect.
B) displacement.
C) instrumental aggression.
D) Parkinson's second law.

Accepted Answer

Roberta's behavior is an example of displacement, which is the redirection of negative emotions or impulses towards a less threatening or more available target. In this case, she is unable to express her anger towards her boyfriend, so she directs it towards the phone. The weapons effect refers to the tendency for the presence of a weapon to increase aggression, instrumental aggression is aggression that is aimed at achieving a goal, and Parkinson's second law refers to the idea that work expands to fill the time available for its completion and is not relevant to this scenario.

Question 9

Displaced aggression is most likely to occur when the target _____ to the instigator.
A) shares no similarity
B) shares some similarity
C) is related
D) is unrelated

Accepted Answer

Displaced aggression is more likely when the target shares some similarity with the instigator, as this can make the target a more acceptable substitute for the original source of frustration.

Question 10

In a revision of the frustration-aggression theory, Berkowitz emphasized the importance of
A) anger in causing aggression.
B) the role of biochemical influences, such as alcohol.
C) relative deprivation and the adaptation level phenomenon.
D) catharsis as a reducer of frustration.

Accepted Answer

Berkowitz revised the frustration-aggression theory by highlighting that frustration leads to aggression primarily when it generates anger, which acts as a mediating factor.

Question 11

Research on the role of family influences on aggression indicates that
A) abused children later abuse their own children at four times the national rate.
B) higher rates of violence occur when fathers care for the children.
C) an only child tends to be aggressive in social situations outside the family.
D) physical punishment suppresses aggression in children.

Accepted Answer

Research has consistently shown that children who experience abuse, neglect, or harsh punishment are more likely to exhibit aggressive behavior, and may also be at higher risk for later perpetrating aggression themselves. In fact, a study published in the Journal of Family Violence found that adults who were physically abused as children were four times more likely than non-abused adults to report physically abusing their own children.

Question 12

According to Albert Bandura, an important influence on one's tendency to be aggressive is
A) hormonal factors.
B) how much anger or frustration has built up inside.
C) one's hereditary predisposition to be aggressive.
D) observations of others' behavior.

Accepted Answer

Albert Bandura's social learning theory emphasizes the role of observation and modeling of others' behavior in shaping one's own behavior. Thus, the correct answer is D; observations of others' behavior are an important influence on one's tendency to be aggressive according to Bandura. While hormonal factors, anger/frustration, and hereditary predisposition may all play a role in aggression, they are not specifically emphasized in Bandura's theory of social learning.

Question 13

According to Berkowitz (1989), the frustration-aggression relationship is mediated by the role of
A) gender.
B) age.
C) anger.
D) neurotransmitters.

Accepted Answer

Berkowitz argued that frustration can lead to aggression by generating anger.

Question 14

Jason instigates more and more fights with younger children on the school playground because it gains him the attention and respect of his friends. This most clearly suggests that his aggression is
A) the result of frustration.
B) instinctual in nature.
C) a learned response.
D) the result of displacement.

Accepted Answer

Jason's aggression is most likely a learned response, as he has learned that engaging in fights with younger children earns him attention and respect from his peers.

Question 15

MacDonald and her colleagues (2000) found that intoxicated people administered stronger shocks and felt angrier when thinking about
A) their physical shortcomings.
B) their grades in college.
C) relationship conflicts.
D) their families.

Accepted Answer

MacDonald and her colleagues found that intoxicated people administered stronger shocks and felt angrier when thinking about relationship conflicts.

Question 16

Frustration grows when
A) our motivation to achieve a goal is weakened.
B) we do not expect gratification.
C) we are completely blocked in attaining our goal.
D) we are surprised by a consequence.

Accepted Answer

Frustration refers to a negative emotional state that arises when an individual is blocked or impeded in their efforts to achieve a goal. When an individual is completely blocked or unable to attain their goal, frustration grows to a much greater extent compared to when they simply experience a temporary setback or delay. Therefore, option C is the best choice.

Question 17

Hennigan and her colleagues (1982) found that the larceny theft rate in U.S. cities jumped after television was first introduced. This result can be explained in terms of the
A) amount of crime depicted on television.
B) thieves' sense of feeling deprived relative to wealthy television characters and those portrayed in advertisements.
C) thieves' lack of positive socialization experiences at home and school.
D) amount of time spent watching TV.

Accepted Answer

The introduction of television may have led to increased feelings of relative deprivation among viewers, as they compared their own lives to the wealth and lifestyles depicted on TV, potentially motivating some to commit theft.

Question 18

Studies of hormonal influences on aggression indicate that
A) hormonal influences are as strong in humans as they are in other animals.
B) after age 25, testosterone and rates of violent crime decrease together.
C) variations in testosterone seem to have no effect on behavior within the normal range of teen boys and adult men.
D) higher rates of testosterone are associated with less aggressiveness in males.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that after age 25, testosterone levels and rates of violent crime both decrease, indicating a relationship between hormones and aggression. However, none of the other options are supported by research. Hormonal influences are stronger in some animals than in others, but it is difficult to compare the strength of hormonal effects across species. Variations in testosterone do seem to be associated with differences in behavior, and higher levels of testosterone are generally associated with increased aggression, not decreased aggressiveness.

Question 19

It was raining out and Jessie's car had a flat tire. After she managed to fix it, she arrived home late only to find someone had parked in her assigned parking spot. When she entered her apartment, she kicked her pet cat, who was waiting at the door. Jessie's behavior is perhaps most easily explained in terms of
A) the frustration-aggression theory.
B) the adaptation-level phenomenon.
C) the Murphy's law.
D) the social learning theory.

Accepted Answer

Jessie's behavior of kicking her pet cat may be due to frustration, which can elicit aggressive behavior according to the frustration-aggression theory. The combination of the rain, the flat tire, and the parking spot being taken could have contributed to her frustration and subsequent aggression towards her cat.

Question 20

The perception that one is less well off than others with whom one compares oneself is referred to as
A) adaptation level phenomenon.
B) relative deprivation.
C) social ostracism.
D) unjust-world principle.

Accepted Answer

Relative deprivation refers to the perception that one is less well off than others with whom one compares oneself. It arises when individuals feel that they have less than they deserve, and this feeling can lead to frustration, anger, and dissatisfaction. The other options are not related to this concept.

Quiz 10: Intelligence

Frustration is noted to arise from

The frustration-aggression theory is designed to explain

The redirection of aggression to a target other than the source of the frustration is referred to as

In a famous experiment by Albert Bandura and his colleagues, children watched an adult attack a Bobo doll with a mallet. They were then shown some toys that they were forbidden to play with. When they were taken to another room, they

The blocking of goal-directed behavior is called

A person kicking the wall after losing a game of poker is an example of

After arguing with her boyfriend over the telephone, Roberta smashes down the receiver and then throws the phone Across the room. This behavior most clearly demonstrates

Displaced aggression is most likely to occur when the target _____ to the instigator.

In a revision of the frustration-aggression theory, Berkowitz emphasized the importance of

Research on the role of family influences on aggression indicates that

According to Albert Bandura, an important influence on one's tendency to be aggressive is

According to Berkowitz (1989) , the frustration-aggression relationship is mediated by the role of

Jason instigates more and more fights with younger children on the school playground because it gains him the attention and respect of his friends. This most clearly suggests that his aggression is

MacDonald and her colleagues (2000) found that intoxicated people administered stronger shocks and felt angrier when thinking about

Frustration grows when

Hennigan and her colleagues (1982) found that the larceny theft rate in U.S. cities jumped after television was first introduced. This result can be explained in terms of the

Studies of hormonal influences on aggression indicate that

The perception that one is less well off than others with whom one compares oneself is referred to as