Question 1

Flashbulb memories ______

Accepted Answer

Flashbulb memories are vivid, long-lasting memories of highly emotional and consequential events that are typically perceived as being important and surprising. However, the accuracy of these memories can be variable and they may change over time.

Question 2

According to Egeth, misidentifications are approximately __________ higher in cross-race identifications than in same-race identifications.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Egeth, misidentifications are approximately __________...

Question 3

According to Bartlett, inaccuracies in memory reflect people's __________

Accepted Answer

Bartlett's theory of reconstructive memory emphasizes the role of schemas, or organized knowledge structures, in guiding memory recall. Inaccuracies in memory can occur when people rely on their schemas to fill in gaps or information that was not actually present in the original experience.

Question 4

Based on Loftus's 1978 study, subjects viewed a slide presentation of an accident, and some of the subjects were asked a question about a blue car when the actual slides contained pictures of a green car. When these same subjects were asked about the color of the car at the accident, they were found to be confused. This is an example of the ____________.

Accepted Answer

Loftus's study demonstrated the misinformation effect, which occurs when misleading information is presented after an event and can alter one's memory of the event. In this case, the question about a blue car led some subjects to remember seeing a blue car rather than the actual green car in the slides.

Question 5

Memories that concern events that are highly significant and are vividly remembered are called ______

Accepted Answer

Flashbulb memories are memories that concern events that are highly significant and are vividly remembered, such as a person's recollection of where they were and what they were doing when they heard about a major event like the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Eidetic images refer to photographic memory, while elaborative rehearsals involve actively processing and relating new information to previously learned information. Eyewitness images are not a commonly used term in psychology.

Question 6

A time machine provides you with the opportunity to interview Sigmund Freud. During the interview, Freud admits that he never wanted to attend medical school. When you ask him how he made it through, he says, "I had eidetic imagery." What does he mean by that?

Accepted Answer

Eidetic imagery, also known as photographic memory, is the ability to vividly recall images from memory after only a few instances of exposure. This would have helped Freud to remember the vast amount of information he needed to learn in medical school.

Question 7

The tendency to distort__________

Accepted Answer

The tendency to distort is a natural human tendency, and it does not necessarily indicate that people are dishonest. Rather, it allows people to make sense of their experiences and fit them into their existing beliefs and mental frameworks. This process can be helpful in making the world more understandable.

Question 8

In Bartlett's studies using stories learned and remembered under life-like conditions, which of the following did he NOT find?

Accepted Answer

Bartlett found that participants often reconstructed the material in a way that made it consistent with their own cultural backgrounds and viewpoints, leading to inaccuracies and shorter versions of the original stories. Accurate reports of the material were not a common finding in his studies.

Question 9

Many middle-aged adults can vividly recall where they were and what they were doing the day that John F. Kennedy was assassinated, although they cannot remember what they were doing the day before he was assassinated. This is an example of ______.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of a flashbulb memory, which is a highly emotional and vivid memory of a significant event that is often recalled with great clarity and detail. Despite the importance of the event, many people may not remember mundane details from before or after the event.

Question 10

Seventeen years later, Cedric still remembers the space shuttle Challenger disaster as if it had just happened. This is an example of__________

Accepted Answer

Cedric's vivid and long-lasting memory of the Challenger disaster is a classic example of flashbulb memory, which refers to our exceptionally vivid and detailed memories of highly emotional or unexpected events that have personal or public significance.

Question 11

Daniel is 47 years old. He still remembers the day in first grade when his teacher announced to his class that President Kennedy had been assassinated. This is an example of__________

Accepted Answer

This is an example of flashbulb memory, which involves the ability to vividly recall emotionally charged events, such as tragedies or significant personal experiences. Despite the amount of time that has passed, Daniel still remembers this momentous event in great detail.

Question 12

Which of the following might be the most appropriate analogy for eidetic imagery?

Accepted Answer

Eidetic imagery, also known as photographic memory, refers to the ability to recall images or information with an extremely high level of accuracy and detail, almost as if viewing a photograph. Therefore, a photograph is the most appropriate analogy for eidetic imagery.

Question 13

The most influential researcher into eyewitness memory has been ______

Accepted Answer

Elizabeth Loftus is considered the most influential researcher into eyewitness memory due to her extensive research on the malleability of memory, the misinformation effect, and the impact of leading questions on memory recall.

Question 14

Tribal peoples sometimes perform amazing memory feats, such as learning kinship lines for many generations or recognizing relatively minute differences between cows. These findings point to the importance of __________

Accepted Answer

Tribal peoples' impressive memory feats suggest that cultural influences play a significant role in memory processes. They likely rely on culturally specific practices and knowledge to enhance their memory abilities.

Question 15

According to Bartlett, the integrated framework of knowledge and assumptions his subjects had about people, objects, and events were reflective of their__________

Accepted Answer

Bartlett's subjects had schemas, which are mental frameworks or structures that organize our knowledge and assumptions about the world, including people, objects, and events. Opinions, attitudes, and biases may be influenced by these schemas, but they are not synonymous with them.

Question 16

Very vivid recall of a specific event such as Sept 11th, JFK's assassination and the attack on Pearl Harbor, is referred to as__________

Accepted Answer

Vivid recall of a specific event such as Sept 11th, JFK's assassination and the attack on Pearl Harbor is referred to as flashbulb memory. This type of memory is characterized by the detailed and long-lasting memories of the circumstances surrounding an emotionally significant and surprising event. It's important to note that flashbulb memories are not always 100% accurate and can be affected by various factors such as the passage of time and personal biases.

Question 17

Sir Frederick Bartlett believed that some impressive memory abilities operate within a cultural context. To support his theory, Bartlett described the amazing ability of the Swazi people of Africa to__________

Accepted Answer

Bartlett believed that memory abilities are shaped by cultural expectations and experiences. He described the impressive ability of the Swazi people to remember even subtle differences in the characteristics of their cows. This supports his theory that memory is influenced by a person's cultural context.

Question 18

Simon, a 50-year-old restaurant chef, has a very good memory of facts and events. Which of the following memories is LEAST likely to be a flashbulb memory?

Accepted Answer

Flashbulb memories are typically associated with significant and emotionally charged events that have personal or societal significance, such as the examples of choices A, C, and D. Facts such as the boiling point of water are not typically associated with flashbulb memory formation.

Question 19

Bartlett's studies of the Swazi people of Africa suggested that__________

Accepted Answer

Bartlett's studies of the Swazi people of Africa suggested that social and cultural context have a definite impact on memory. He found that their recollection of stories was influenced by their cultural beliefs and values, demonstrating the role of cultural factors in memory.

Question 20

Studies on the accuracy of human memory and eyewitness testimony suggest that__________

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that human memory is not always accurate and that eyewitness testimony is susceptible to errors such as false memories and leading questions, making it highly subject to error. This does not necessarily mean that eyewitnesses are intentionally lying, but rather that their recollection may be influenced by various factors such as stress, emotions, and the passage of time. Therefore, it is important for the justice system to take these limitations into account and to corroborate eyewitness testimony with other forms of evidence.

Quiz 6: Memory