Question 1

Ted, Sharon, and Bob were a committee chosen to hire a salesperson for the company where they worked. Gary, who on paper looked to be a very strong applicant, started out his interview by making an inappropriate comment regarding Sharon's appearance. Despite the fact that the rest of the interview was outstanding, Ted, Sharon, and Bob could not re-direct their focus away from Gary's initial comment. Later, when discussing Gary's interview, no one could recall anything other than the opening statement. This might be an example of__________
A) the recency effect.
B) the primacy effect.
C) sensory decay.
D) retrograde amnesia.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of the primacy effect, which is the tendency to remember the first information presented in a series. Gary's inappropriate comment made a strong first impression on the committee members, and they could not recall much of the rest of his interview.

Question 2

Professor Chapstick wears a scarf that has pictures of snakes eating rats while she lectures her students about a particular chapter of material. Many of her students have a slight fear or repulsed feeling looking at her scarf, because they are not comfortable with snakes. According to the state-dependent memory effect, under which of the following circumstances would the students perform the best on the exam?
A) If Professor Chapstick does not wear her scarf during the exam
B) If Professor Chapstick does wear her scarf during the exam
C) If Professor Chapstick is not in the room during the exam
D) If Professor Chapstick lays the scarf on the table, but does not wear it during the exam

Accepted Answer

According to the state-dependent memory effect, people recall information more effectively when they are in the same context or state as when they learned the information. In this scenario, if Professor Chapstick wears her scarf during the exam, it replicates the environment in which the students learned the material, potentially enhancing their recall abilities.

Question 3

The fact that it is easier to recall items at the beginning and end of a list of unrelated items is known as the __________
A) phi phenomenon.
B) implicit memory effect.
C) serial position effect.
D) sequestering effect.

Accepted Answer

The described phenomenon is known as the serial position effect, which states that items at the beginning (the primacy effect) and end (the recency effect) of a list are more likely to be remembered than items in the middle. This effect has been well documented in memory research. Choices A, B, and D are not related to the phenomenon described.

Question 4

When given a list of items to remember, you are more likely to remember _______
A) the items in the beginning better than those in the middle or at the end.
B) the items in the middle more than those at the beginning or at the end.
C) the items at the end more than those in the middle or at the beginning of the list.
D) the items at the beginning and at the end more than those in the middle of the list.

Accepted Answer

The items at the beginning and end of a list are known as the primacy and recency effect, respectively. These items are more likely to be remembered because they receive more attention and rehearsal. The middle items are typically harder to remember because they are overshadowed by the primacy and recency effects.

Question 5

The tendency to recall things that are presented at the beginning of a sequence is called__________
A) the serial position effect.
B) the recency effect.
C) the primacy effect.
D) the sequence order effect.

Accepted Answer

The primacy effect refers to the tendency to remember items that are presented at the beginning of a list or sequence. This is believed to occur because earlier items have more time to be processed and rehearsed in memory, making them easier to remember.

Question 6

This researcher suggests that memory is a reconstruction of event highlights that may, or may not be accurate.
A) Morgan
B) Penfield
C) Bartlett
D) Ebbinghaus

Accepted Answer

The researcher who suggests that memory is a reconstruction of event highlights that may or may not be accurate is Bartlett.

Question 7

R.J. found that in order to memorize the words to certain songs quickly he needed them in a specific order so as to aid in __________
A) recognition.
B) serial recall.
C) temporal associations.
D) graduated retention.

Accepted Answer

Serial recall refers to the ability to recall information in a particular order, such as the order of words in a song. This can aid in memorization by providing a structured framework for the information to be stored and retrieved.

Question 8

When given a list of items to remember, people tend to do better at recalling the first items on the list than the middle of the list. This is known as the ______.
A) phi phenomenon
B) recency effect
C) chunking effect
D) primacy effect

Accepted Answer

The primacy effect refers to the tendency for people to better remember the first items in a list compared to the middle or end items.

Question 9

John labored long hours to master calculus. However, a year later when he took a more advanced course, he found that it did not take him very long to re-master what he had learned the previous year. This is an example of which memory process?
A) recall
B) recognition
C) relearning
D) repetition

Accepted Answer

This is an example of relearning, which is the process of learning or memorizing something again after it was previously learned and then forgotten. The fact that John was able to re-master calculus quickly suggests that the original learning had been retained to some extent in his long-term memory.

Question 10

The tendency to recall things that are presented at the end of a sequence is called__________
A) the serial position effect.
B) the recency effect.
C) the primacy effect.
D) the sequence order effect.

Accepted Answer

The recency effect refers to the tendency to remember items presented at the end of a sequence due to them being the most recent in memory. The primacy effect refers to the tendency to remember items presented at the beginning of a sequence due to them receiving more attention and rehearsal. The sequence order effect is not a recognized term in psychology. The serial position effect refers to the combined effects of the primacy and recency effects on memory.

Question 11

Michelle was invited to a housewares party. The party began with the 15 people in attendance introducing themselves. Michelle could only remember the first two and last two people she was introduced to. This is an example of__________
A) the primacy effect.
B) the recency effect.
C) the serial position effect.
D) the state-dependent memory effect.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of the serial position effect, where the ability to recall information is influenced by the position of that information in a sequence. In this case, Michelle could only remember the first two and last two people she was introduced to, which is consistent with the primacy and recency effects within the serial position effect.

Question 12

Which theorist claimed that experiences leave a permanent imprint on the brain.
A) Freud
B) Aristotle
C) Penfield
D) Ebbinghaus

Accepted Answer

Canadian neurosurgeon Wilder Penfield conducted experiments that suggested experiences leave a permanent imprint on the brain. In his "The Cerebral Cortex in Man" (1950), he reported that stimulating certain regions of the brain triggered memories of past events, leading him to hypothesize that memories are not localized in one specific spot in the brain, but are rather distributed throughout the cerebral cortex.

Question 13

Examples of tests that use recognition are _____________ tests.
A) multiple choice
B) matching
C) essay
D) both multiple choice and matching

Accepted Answer

Multiple choice and matching tests use recognition as they require the test-taker to choose the correct answer from a set of options. Essay tests do not use recognition as they require the test-taker to generate their own answer without any prompts or choices.

Question 14

Studying for comprehensive final exams requires one to use which process?
A) recall
B) relearning
C) recognition
D) retention

Accepted Answer

Comprehensive final exams require relearning, which involves revisiting material that one has already learned to reinforce and refresh one's memory. Recall, recognition, and retention are all important for long-term learning and memory, but relearning is specifically suited for exam preparation.

Question 15

While watching a soap opera on television, Dan is struck with the notion that he knew one of the characters. As he continued watching, he came to realize that the woman playing the role was a person he had gone to high school with many years earlier. Which memory process is Dan using?
A) recall
B) relearning
C) retention
D) recognition

Accepted Answer

Dan is using recognition, as he is able to recognize the woman from his past and associate her with the character on the soap opera. Recall would be if he had to actively retrieve the memory of her from his own mind without any prompts, relearning would be if he had to relearn who she was and her relationship to him, and retention refers to the overall process of retaining memories over time.

Question 16

When given a list of items to remember, people tend to do better at recalling the last items on the list. This is known as the ______.
A) phi phenomenon
B) chunking effect
C) recency effect
D) primacy effect

Accepted Answer

The recency effect refers to the tendency to recall the last items on a list better than earlier items, which is thought to be due to the more recent items still being in short-term memory. The primacy effect, on the other hand, refers to better recall of items at the beginning of a list and is thought to be related to the additional rehearsal and encoding time these items receive. The phi phenomenon refers to the perception of movement in still images when presented rapidly in sequence, and the chunking effect is a memory strategy that involves grouping or categorizing information to aid in recall.

Question 17

Moishe can remember only the first two items and the last two items on the grocery list that his wife just read to him over the phone. The other five items in between are gone. This is an example of the _____________
A) encoding specificity effect.
B) serial position effect.
C) TOT effect.
D) reintegrative effect.

Accepted Answer

The serial position effect is the tendency to remember items at the beginning and end of a list better than items in the middle. This is what is happening in the scenario described. The encoding specificity effect refers to the phenomenon where memory is improved when information available at encoding is also available at retrieval. The TOT effect refers to the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon, where a person knows that they know a word, but they are unable to retrieve it. The reintegrative effect refers to the phenomenon where memory improves when items are presented in a meaningful or organized way.

Question 18

Many people are better at remembering faces than names. Why might that be?
A) They are using the right side of the brain as opposed to the left side.
B) Faces are more discrete and distinctive than are names.
C) Remembering a face requires recognition, whereas remembering a name requires recall.
D) They are using the left side of the brain as opposed to the right side.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Many people are better at remembering faces...

Question 19

If you were introduced to a dozen people at a party, you would be most likely to remember those__________
A) who were most like you.
B) you were introduced to first and last.
C) you were most attracted to.
D) those with distinct facial characteristics.

Accepted Answer

The serial position effect is a cognitive bias that suggests individuals are more likely to remember the first and last items in a list. In the case of meeting a dozen people at a party, being introduced to the first and last person might help to trigger memory of the other individuals in between. However, attractiveness, similarity or distinct facial characteristics may not necessarily improve memory retention.

Question 20

Multiple-choice, matching, and true/false questions are all examples of __________ test items.
A) recall
B) relearning
C) recognition
D) easy

Accepted Answer

Multiple-choice, matching, and true/false questions are examples of recognition test items because they require the test-taker to recognize the correct answer from among several options.

Quiz 6: Memory

The fact that it is easier to recall items at the beginning and end of a list of unrelated items is known as the __________

When given a list of items to remember, you are more likely to remember _______

The tendency to recall things that are presented at the beginning of a sequence is called__________

This researcher suggests that memory is a reconstruction of event highlights that may, or may not be accurate.

R.J. found that in order to memorize the words to certain songs quickly he needed them in a specific order so as to aid in __________

When given a list of items to remember, people tend to do better at recalling the first items on the list than the middle of the list. This is known as the ______.

John labored long hours to master calculus. However, a year later when he took a more advanced course, he found that it did not take him very long to re-master what he had learned the previous year. This is an example of which memory process?

The tendency to recall things that are presented at the end of a sequence is called__________

Michelle was invited to a housewares party. The party began with the 15 people in attendance introducing themselves. Michelle could only remember the first two and last two people she was introduced to. This is an example of__________

Which theorist claimed that experiences leave a permanent imprint on the brain.

Examples of tests that use recognition are _____________ tests.

Studying for comprehensive final exams requires one to use which process?

While watching a soap opera on television, Dan is struck with the notion that he knew one of the characters. As he continued watching, he came to realize that the woman playing the role was a person he had gone to high school with many years earlier. Which memory process is Dan using?

When given a list of items to remember, people tend to do better at recalling the last items on the list. This is known as the ______.

Moishe can remember only the first two items and the last two items on the grocery list that his wife just read to him over the phone. The other five items in between are gone. This is an example of the _____________

Many people are better at remembering faces than names. Why might that be?

If you were introduced to a dozen people at a party, you would be most likely to remember those__________

Multiple-choice, matching, and true/false questions are all examples of __________ test items.