Question 1

Ingroups tend to be perceived as:

Accepted Answer

Ingroups are groups to which we belong or identify with. Generally, ingroups are perceived as high in warmth (because of our emotional attachment to them) and high in competence (because we tend to view our own group as superior to others).

Question 2

_____ is the tendency to think about women in a narrow way as objects rather than full humans,as if their physical appearance is all that matters.

Accepted Answer

Sexual objectification is the tendency to view women primarily as objects based on their physical appearance, rather than as complex individuals with thoughts, feelings, and aspirations. This can lead to a number of negative outcomes, such as increased rates of sexual harassment and assault, decreased motivation and self-esteem, and reduced cognitive functioning.

Question 3

Which of the following theories focuses specifically on the cultural value placed on women's appearance?

Accepted Answer

Objectification theory focuses specifically on the cultural value placed on women's appearance, as it suggests that women are often reduced to objects to be evaluated based on their physical appearance rather than their character or abilities. Terror management theory suggests that people cope with the fear of death by affirming cultural values and beliefs, social identity theory explores the ways in which group membership influences behavior, and system justification theory examines the ways in which people rationalize and defend the status quo. None of these theories are specifically focused on women's appearance.

Question 4

The tendency to hold stereotypic views of outgroup members as animals rather than humans is:

Accepted Answer

Dehumanization refers to the tendency to view and treat members of an outgroup as less than fully human, often comparing them to animals or objects.

Question 5

In World War II,Nazi propaganda portrayed Jews as disease-carrying rats.This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Dehumanization is the process of portraying a group of people as less deserving of human treatment and rights. Depicting Jews as disease-carrying rats is an extreme form of dehumanization that was used by the Nazis to justify their persecution and genocide of Jews during World War II.

Question 6

Which of the following statements about sexism is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that women who are primed to think about hostile sexism, which includes blatant discrimination and prejudice against women, are more motivated to engage in collective action to change gender inequity. This is because they are more aware of the pervasive nature of sexism and the need for collective action to address it. On the other hand, women who are primed to think about benevolent sexism, which includes attitudes and behaviors that seem positive on the surface but reinforce traditional gender roles and stereotypes, may actually be less motivated to engage in collective action because they perceive sexist attitudes as more benign and may not see the need for change.

Question 7

According to _____,stereotypes help to rationalize the status quo.

Accepted Answer

System justification theory posits that people have a desire to see the existing social order as legitimate and just, and therefore, stereotypes are used to justify the status quo. Stereotypes can be used to rationalize disparities in power, wealth, or opportunities between social groups, ultimately maintaining the current system.

Question 8

_____ is the perception that outgroup members lack qualities viewed as unique to human beings,such as language,rational intelligence,and complex social emotions.It is a subtler form of another form of prejudice.

Accepted Answer

Infrahumanization is the perception that outgroup members lack qualities viewed as unique to human beings. It is a subtler form of prejudice that is often not recognized as readily as other forms of prejudice, such as dehumanization. Stereotype threat is the fear of confirming negative stereotypes about one's group, and objectification is the perception of a person as an object rather than as a full human being.

Question 9

Research by Castano and Giner-Sorolla found that when people are made to feel a sense of collective responsibility for their ingroup's mass killing of an outgroup,they view members of the outgroup as:

Accepted Answer

The research found that people who feel collective responsibility for their ingroup's mass killing of an outgroup are more likely to view members of the outgroup as less human.

Question 10

Research found that following _____,participants wanted to distance themselves from a potential interaction partner who was believed to be breast-feeding in another room.

Accepted Answer

The phenomenon described in the research is an example of mortality salience, where individuals become anxious and self-aware of their own mortality. This fear can lead to a desire to distance oneself from behaviors or actions that remind them of their own mortality, such as breast-feeding, which is linked to the biological cycle of birth and life.

Question 11

Research found that men higher in _____ showed decreased activation in the medial prefrontal cortex when viewing sexualized female targets.

Accepted Answer

Hostile sexism is associated with decreased activation in the medial prefrontal cortex when men view sexualized female targets, reflecting a dehumanized perception or diminished social cognition towards these individuals.

Question 12

Research found that First Lady Michelle Obama was viewed as lower in warmth when participants focused on her:

Accepted Answer

When participants focused on Michelle Obama's appearance, she was viewed as lower in warmth.

Question 13

Research suggests that we prefer outgroup members to:

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that people tend to prefer outgroup members who conform to existing stereotypes, as this confirms their expectations and reduces uncertainty.

Question 14

_____ is the pairing of hostile beliefs about women with benevolent but patronizing beliefs about them.

Accepted Answer

Ambivalent sexism is the pairing of hostile beliefs (hostile sexism) about women with benevolent but patronizing beliefs (benevolent sexism) about them. This can include beliefs such as women are weak and need protection, or that their primary roles should be as caretakers or nurturing figures. It is considered ambivalent because it mixes both negative and positive attitudes towards women.

Question 15

The _____ is the idea that people endorse stereotypes in part to rationalize their own negative affective reactions to outgroup members.

Accepted Answer

The justification-suppression model explains how people use stereotypes to justify their negative feelings towards outgroup members, allowing them to rationalize their prejudice by attributing it to external characteristics of the outgroup rather than their own biases.

Question 16

All of the following are true about stereotypes EXCEPT which statement?

Accepted Answer

Stereotypes are not necessarily the result of low intelligence. They are often the result of cultural, social, or personal experiences and can be held by individuals of all intelligence levels.

Question 17

Which of the following theories would suggest that the objectification of women may be partially the result of people's efforts to deny mortality?

Accepted Answer

Terror management theory suggests that people's fear of death leads them to engage in practices that reduce their anxiety, including objectifying women as a means of promoting traditional gender roles and bolstering their own self-esteem.

Question 18

Infrahumanization:

Accepted Answer

Infrahumanization is the tendency to view members of an outgroup as less human than members of one's own group. This can lead to a decreased willingness to help the outgroup because they are perceived as less deserving of empathy and compassion.

Question 19

_____ is the tendency to assume an association between two rare or distinctive occurrences,such as being in a minority group and performing negative actions.

Accepted Answer

The tendency to assume an association between two rare or distinctive occurrences is known as illusory correlation. This can often lead to stereotypes or prejudices being formed based on limited or biased information. Stereotype threat refers to the phenomenon of individuals feeling pressure to conform to negative stereotypes about their group identity, while ingroup bias is the tendency to favor members of one's own group over members of other groups.

Question 20

All of the following are true about illusory correlations EXCEPT which statement?

Accepted Answer

Illusory correlations do not necessarily have to be based on a kernel of truth. They often arise from the incorrect perception of a relationship between two events or variables, which can be completely unrelated or not based on factual evidence.

Quiz 10: Understanding Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination