Question 1

Many whites hold both pro-black and anti-black attitudes,because of:

Accepted Answer

Ambivalent racism refers to holding both positive and negative attitudes towards a particular racial group. Whites may hold pro-black attitudes such as supporting affirmative action or valuing diversity, but also hold anti-black attitudes such as believing in stereotypes or harboring prejudice. This combination of contradictory attitudes is known as ambivalent racism. Ethnocentrism (A) refers to a belief in the superiority of one's own ethnicity, stereotype threat (B) is the fear of confirming negative stereotypes about oneself, and ingroup bias (D) is the tendency to favor members of one's own group over outsiders. While these concepts are related to racism and prejudice, they do not explain the specific phenomenon of ambivalent racism.

Question 2

According to the stereotype content model,stereotypes develop based on how groups relate to one another along the two dimensions of _____ and _____.

Accepted Answer

The stereotype content model suggests that stereotypes develop based on two dimensions: warmth (related to cooperation) and competence (related to status).

Question 3

Ambivalent racism is influenced by the two clashing values of _____ and _____.

Accepted Answer

Ambivalent racism refers to the conflicting feelings that individuals may hold towards members of a certain racial or ethnic group. These conflicting emotions are influenced by the two clashing values of individualism and egalitarianism. Individualism promotes independence, self-reliance, and personal achievement, while egalitarianism is founded on the belief that all individuals are equal and should have equal rights and opportunities. Thus, ambivalent racism arises when an individual's belief in individualism clashes with their belief in egalitarianism, resulting in conflicting emotions towards members of a certain racial or ethnic group.

Question 4

Research found that when whites were primed with the Protestant work ethic,they:

Accepted Answer

Research has found that priming whites with the Protestant work ethic, which emphasizes hard work and productivity, can increase their tendency to view success as the result of individual effort rather than external factors, including racial discrimination. This can lead to stronger anti-black attitudes as they may perceive black individuals as being less successful because of their own lack of effort, rather than structural inequalities.

Question 5

Psychologists usually refer to stereotypes as _____,but stereotypes can also be _____ when it comes to a particular group.

Accepted Answer

Psychologists usually refer to stereotypes as negative, as they often involve making broad assumptions based on limited information about a particular group. However, stereotypes can also be positive when it comes to a particular group, such as the stereotype that Asians are good at math.

Question 6

Data showing that women tend to get paid less than men may provide evidence of:

Accepted Answer

The data showing that women tend to get paid less than men indicates institutional discrimination, meaning that the discrimination is embedded within the structure of society or organizations rather than solely being a product of individual biases. This can include unequal pay scales, limited opportunities for advancement, and other systemic barriers that prevent gender equality in the workplace.

Question 7

When people are informed of someone's social role,such as homemaker,they are:

Accepted Answer

When people are informed of someone's social role, such as homemaker, they are more likely to make a judgment based on the role than gender. This means that they are less inclined to endorse gender stereotypes and less likely to engage in prejudice based on gender. However, they may still make assumptions or judgments based on the role itself.

Question 8

_____ is the influence on white Americans' racial attitudes by two clashing sets of values: a belief in individualism and a belief in egalitarianism.

Accepted Answer

Ambivalent racism is characterized by the conflict between the values of individualism and egalitarianism in shaping white Americans' racial attitudes.

Question 9

The kernel of truth hypothesis:

Accepted Answer

The kernel of truth hypothesis proposes that some stereotypes may be based on actual differences in the average traits or behaviors associated with two or more groups. This suggests that some stereotypes may have some validity or accuracy, but it does not imply that all stereotypes are accurate or that they represent accurate knowledge structures about all members in a group. Research has supported this hypothesis in some cases, such as in studies on average trait differences between groups. However, it is important to note that this hypothesis does not justify the use of stereotypes or discrimination against individuals based on their group membership.

Question 10

Imagine a law that required people to have a college degree to vote in federal elections.Such a law would be an example of:

Accepted Answer

This law would be an example of institutional discrimination because it would create a barrier for certain individuals to exercise their right to vote based on their level of education. It could disproportionately affect marginalized communities and perpetuate unequal access to political participation.

Question 11

As a group homeless people tend to be perceived as:

Accepted Answer

Homeless people are often stigmatized and negatively stereotyped, leading to perceptions of low warmth, as well as assumptions of low competence due to their situation.

Question 12

_____ is conflicting,often nonconscious,negative feelings about African Americans that Americans may have,even though most do in fact support principles of racial equality and do not knowingly discriminate.

Accepted Answer

Aversive racism is characterized by individuals who hold negative attitudes and biases towards members of a particular racial group. These individuals may not believe they are racist and may even support principles of racial equality, but they still hold unconscious negative biases that can impact their behavior towards that group. This can result in subtle discrimination or avoidance of interaction with members of that group.

Question 13

All of the following are true about research involving the IAT EXCEPT which statement?

Accepted Answer

This statement is incorrect. Most scholars have accepted that the IAT measures attitudes.

Question 14

_____ is unfair restriction on opportunities for certain groups of people through institutional policies,structural power relations,and formal laws.

Accepted Answer

Institutional discrimination refers to unjust or unfair treatment of certain groups of people through the policies, laws, and power structures of institutions such as government, education, and business. This can result in limited opportunities for these groups and perpetuate inequality. Stereotype threat refers to the fear of being judged based on negative stereotypes about one's group, ingroup bias is a preference for individuals within one's own group, and symbolic racism refers to subtle forms of prejudice and discrimination that are no longer explicit but are still present in society.

Question 15

Whites who have a strong racial bias exhibit a strong _____ response when viewing pictures of black males.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that when whites with a strong racial bias view pictures of black males, there is an increase in activity in the amygdala, which is responsible for processing emotions and fear.

Question 16

Research by Gaertner and Dovido found that when white participants thought that they were the only person who witnessed a motorist in need,their tendency to help the motorist was not influenced by the motorist's race.If white participants,however,thought many people witnessed the situation,then they were less likely to help a black motorist than a white one.It was believed that the white observers were able to reframe the situation in terms of "there were plenty of people to help." This rationalization in nonracial terms is an example of:

Accepted Answer

This is an example of aversive racism, which involves negative feelings or discomfort towards people of a different race, but is not necessarily based on conscious beliefs or attitudes. The white observers may have unconsciously felt discomfort about helping a black motorist, and their belief that others were present provided a rationale for not helping without explicitly citing the motorist's race as a reason.

Question 17

The IAT assesses:

Accepted Answer

The IAT (Implicit Association Test) is a psychological tool that assesses implicit associations, or unconscious biases, between different concepts. It is designed to measure the strength of one's automatic association between mental representations of objects in memory. Thus, option D - implicit association is the most fitting choice. The other options are not accurate as institutional discrimination can be viewed through review of historical policies and practices that result in inequitable treatment, stereotype threat refers to a situational predicament in which an individual’s fear of confirming a negative stereotype about their racial, ethnic or gender group leads to uneasiness, underperformance, or lack of achievement, and explicit attitudes are attitudes that are intentionally formed and consciously controlled.

Question 18

With no other information to base a judgment on,people assume that _____,but when we know more information,_____ is the major factor.

Accepted Answer

With limited information, people often stereotype women as more communal than men, focusing on traits like empathy and nurturing. However, as more specific information about individuals becomes available, such as their occupation, this becomes a more significant factor in judgments about them, overshadowing initial gender-based assumptions.

Question 19

Groups that are stereotyped as personally warm but incompetent elicit:

Accepted Answer

Groups that are stereotyped as personally warm but incompetent are often pitied. This is because warmth is a trait that generates empathy from others, while incompetence is seen as a drawback that elicits concern or sympathy. Therefore, people feel sorry for these groups rather than angry, jealous, or fearful.

Question 20

Research on personality across culture suggests that:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research on personality across culture suggests that:
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Quiz 10: Understanding Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination