Question 1

Catherine and Greg currently have an exchange relationship with one another.This means that their relationship is likely ____________ and is governed by ____________.
A) short term; the principle of need.
B) long term; the principle of need.
C) short term; principles of equity and reciprocity.
D) long term; principles of equity and reciprocity.

Accepted Answer

An exchange relationship is a short-term relationship that is based on principles of equity and reciprocity. This means that both parties expect to receive benefits from the relationship that are roughly equal to what they put into it, and they are motivated to maintain the relationship as long as it remains beneficial.

Question 2

The term ____________ refers to the idea that a building's layout can encourage contact between some people but discourage contact between other people.
A) functional distance
B) objective distance
C) social distance
D) serviceable distance

Accepted Answer

Functional distance refers to the physical distance that affects how often and easily people interact with each other. The layout of a building, such as the placement of doors, hallways, and walls, can influence this functional distance, either promoting or hindering social contact between people. Objective distance and serviceable distance are not commonly used terms in the field of architecture, while social distance typically refers to the perceived distance and closeness between individuals or groups.

Question 3

The attachment style most closely associated with excessive attempts to get close to others and worrying continually about these relationships is
A) secure.
B) anxious-preoccupied.
C) dismissive-avoidant.
D) secure-avoidant.

Accepted Answer

The anxious-preoccupied attachment style is characterized by a strong desire for closeness and intimacy, along with a fear of rejection or abandonment. Those with this attachment style often worry excessively about their relationships and may become overly clingy or demanding in an attempt to maintain closeness.

Question 4

As discussed in the textbook, principles of ____________ explain why the mere exposure effect occurs.
A) reciprocity
B) operant learning
C) punishment
D) classical conditioning

Accepted Answer

The mere exposure effect is a phenomenon in which people tend to develop a preference for things simply because they are familiar with them. This can be explained by classical conditioning, as repeated exposure to a stimulus (such as a product or brand) can create a positive association and increase liking.

Question 5

Because they are currently are in a(n)________________ relationship, Bobby and Cindy feel a special responsibility for one another and expect that they will be together for a long time.
A) individualistic
B) communal
C) sharing
D) casual

Accepted Answer

A communal relationship emphasizes interdependence, mutual concern, and shared responsibility for each other's well-being. This aligns with Bobby and Cindy's feelings of special responsibility towards each other and expectation of a long-term future together. In contrast, individualistic and casual relationships prioritize independence and lack the same level of commitment and investment. While sharing is a component of communal relationships, it alone does not fully capture the nature of their relationship.

Question 6

Artie and Robyn just broke up.Robyn calls her best friend to talk about it.She says, "Artie is the kind of guy who never seemed to feel comfortable with intimacy or being in love.He just didn't seem to trust, need, or depend on me.In fact, he would even tell me that I loved him more than I should, and this made him nervous." According to this description, Artie's attachment style is best characterized as
A) anxious-preoccupied.
B) secure.
C) dismissive-avoidant.
D) resistant.

Accepted Answer

Artie's behavior suggests he has a dismissive-avoidant attachment style. He seems uncomfortable with intimacy and distrustful of love, indicating a preference for emotional distance and self-reliance. His comments about Robyn's love for him being excessive and anxiety-provoking also suggest a tendency to minimize the importance of close relationships.

Question 7

Recall that Mary Ainsworth classified the attachment patterns of infants according to how they responded to separations and reunions with their caregivers.Which of the following is NOT one of the styles she specified?
A) anxious
B) secure
C) communal
D) avoidant

Accepted Answer

Mary Ainsworth specified three main attachment styles: anxious, secure, and avoidant. "Communal" is not a recognized attachment style.

Question 8

Consider the following quote from William Whyte Jr.: "Despite the fact that a person can pick and choose from a vast number of people to make friends with, such things as the placement of a stoop or the direction of a street often have more to do with determining who is friends with whom." This quote captures the essence of how ____________ can influence relationships.
A) similarity
B) propinquity
C) mere exposure
D) physicality

Accepted Answer

The quote specifically mentions the placement of a stoop and direction of a street, which are examples of physical proximity or propinquity, influencing who becomes friends with whom. Therefore, the best choice is B) propinquity.

Question 9

Gwendolyn is considering whether to become involved in her first dating relationship but is not sure what to expect in terms of how she or her potential boyfriend would likely behave in the relationship.What would Andersen and Chen's relational self theory say about Gwendolyn's question?
A) People form relationships that maximize reward and minimize punishment.
B) Relationships are governed by principles of reciprocity.
C) People form relationships in order to gain resources, perspectives, and life experiences.
D) Prior relationships shape our current beliefs, feelings, and interactions.

Accepted Answer

Andersen and Chen's relational self theory suggests that prior relationships shape our current beliefs, feelings, and interactions. Therefore, Gwendolyn's previous experiences may inform her expectations and behavior in her potential dating relationship.

Question 10

A natural experiment involves
A) using self-selection to increase the validity of study results.
B) observing what happens under naturally occurring conditions.
C) randomly assigning participants to different conditions.
D) studying participants only when they are outdoors.

Accepted Answer

A natural experiment involves observing what happens under naturally occurring conditions, without any manipulation of variables or participant assignment to conditions. It relies on existing variation in the environment or population to provide the independent variable.

Question 11

If the need to belong is universal, then this need should occur in
A) relationships with parents but not with friends.
B) humans but not animals.
C) individualist cultures but not collectivist cultures.
D) cultures around the world.

Accepted Answer

The statement "the need to belong is universal" indicates that this need should occur in all cultures around the world, regardless of individualist or collectivist tendencies. Therefore, Option D is the correct answer. Option A is incorrect because the need to belong can occur in friendships as well as in relationships with parents. Option B is incorrect because some animals exhibit behaviors that suggest they have a need to belong. Option C is incorrect because the need to belong can occur in both individualist and collectivist cultures.

Question 12

Janet often encounters John at school.Because of this, they end up becoming friends.This scenario illustrates how ____________ influences interpersonal attraction.
A) equity
B) physical attractiveness
C) reciprocity
D) propinquity

Accepted Answer

The scenario describes how Janet and John became friends due to their repeated encounters at school, which is an example of propinquity. The other choices (equity, physical attractiveness, and reciprocity) do not apply to this scenario.

Question 13

Cassandra and Martin have been dating for some time.Cassandra recently gave Martin a framed print of a painting she had noticed him admiring on a previous trip to the museum.Martin now feels that he should buy Cassandra a bottle of her favorite perfume as a way of repaying her kindness.Which theory best explains Martin's response to Cassandra's gift?
A) social exchange theory
B) reciprocity theory
C) equity theory
D) complementarity theory

Accepted Answer

The answer of Cassandra and Martin have been dating for...

Question 14

People living in East Asian and Latin American societies are inclined to take a(n)____________ stance in various social situations, whereas people living in European and Commonwealth countries are inclined to take a(n)____________ stance in these situations.
A) secure; avoidant
B) exchange; communal
C) avoidant; secure
D) communal; exchange

Accepted Answer

According to the research on cultural dimensions by Geert Hofstede, people living in East Asian and Latin American societies tend to value communal relationships and prioritize group harmony. On the other hand, people living in European and Commonwealth countries tend to value exchange relationships and prioritize individual achievement. Therefore, the best choice is D, where East Asian and Latin American societies are inclined to take a communal stance and European and Commonwealth countries are inclined to take an exchange stance.

Question 15

____________ claims that how people feel about a relationship depends on their assessments of its costs and rewards as well as the costs and rewards of other relationships available to them.
A) Social exchange theory
B) Equity theory
C) Similarity theory
D) Tit-for-tat theory

Accepted Answer

Social exchange theory proposes that individuals make rational decisions about relationships based on their assessments of the costs and rewards. This includes considering the costs and rewards of other available relationships, leading to the determination of whether to continue or terminate the relationship.

Question 16

Veronica was rejected and belittled by both of her parents and teased by her classmates.According to John Bowlby, Veronica would create representations of the availability, warmth, and likely actions of other people.He called these representations
A) working models of relationships.
B) cognitive schemas.
C) repressed unconscious traumas.
D) relational models.

Accepted Answer

John Bowlby called these representations "working models of relationships."

Question 17

Kristin's mother was very critical and hard to please.As a result, Kristen often felt ashamed and nervous around her mother.Years later, Kristin took a job where her boss was critical and hard to please-just like her mother! According to ____________, Kristin is likely to feel ashamed and nervous around her boss, which in turn will shape the nature of their relationship.
A) relational self theory
B) self-expansion theory
C) transactive memory theory
D) social dominance theory

Accepted Answer

Relational self theory suggests that the nature of our close relationships shapes our self-concept and influences our subsequent social interactions. In this case, Kristin's relationship with her critical and hard-to-please mother likely shaped her self-concept to feel ashamed and nervous, which could transfer to her relationship with her boss who has similar traits.

Question 18

According to the textbook, the strongest support for the claim that we have a need to belong comes from the finding that
A) when we lose a friendship, we do not seek out new friendships.
B) only humans form long-lasting relationships.
C) relationships are vital to our physical and mental well-being.
D) relationship styles vary among cultures.

Accepted Answer

The textbook states that the strongest support for the need to belong comes from the finding that relationships are vital to our physical and mental well-being. This is supported by research showing that people who are socially isolated or lack close relationships are at increased risk for physical and mental health problems.

Question 19

Gina is about to have her first baby.To learn more about how to raise a securely attached child, she has just read an article about John Bowlby's research, which emphasizes that attachment style
A) fluctuates in accordance with momentary changes in our moods and desires.
B) is shaped by how the child is treated during infancy.
C) is genetically inherited (as opposed to environmentally determined).
D) is likely to change from one style to another over the life span.

Accepted Answer

John Bowlby's research emphasizes that a child's attachment style is shaped by how they are treated during infancy, particularly by the responsiveness and sensitivity of their primary caregiver. This can have lasting effects on the child's emotional and social development.

Question 20

According to social exchange theory, people
A) seek out rewards in their interactions with others, but they are not willing to pay certain costs in order to obtain them.
B) seek out rewards in their interactions with others, and they are willing to pay certain costs in order to obtain them.
C) tend to pursue those interactions that require the least effort.
D) tend to pursue those interactions that require the most effort.

Accepted Answer

Social exchange theory posits that individuals seek out relationships and interactions that bring them rewards (such as companionship, support, or resources) while minimizing the costs they must pay in order to obtain them (such as time, effort, or emotional investment). Thus, people are willing to pay certain costs in order to obtain desired rewards in their interactions with others.

Quiz 10: Relationships and Attraction

Catherine and Greg currently have an exchange relationship with one another.This means that their relationship is likely and is governed by .

The term ____________ refers to the idea that a building's layout can encourage contact between some people but discourage contact between other people.

The attachment style most closely associated with excessive attempts to get close to others and worrying continually about these relationships is

As discussed in the textbook, principles of ____________ explain why the mere exposure effect occurs.

Because they are currently are in a(n) ________________ relationship, Bobby and Cindy feel a special responsibility for one another and expect that they will be together for a long time.

Recall that Mary Ainsworth classified the attachment patterns of infants according to how they responded to separations and reunions with their caregivers.Which of the following is NOT one of the styles she specified?

Gwendolyn is considering whether to become involved in her first dating relationship but is not sure what to expect in terms of how she or her potential boyfriend would likely behave in the relationship.What would Andersen and Chen's relational self theory say about Gwendolyn's question?

A natural experiment involves

If the need to belong is universal, then this need should occur in

Janet often encounters John at school.Because of this, they end up becoming friends.This scenario illustrates how ____________ influences interpersonal attraction.

People living in East Asian and Latin American societies are inclined to take a(n) stance in various social situations, whereas people living in European and Commonwealth countries are inclined to take a(n) stance in these situations.

____________ claims that how people feel about a relationship depends on their assessments of its costs and rewards as well as the costs and rewards of other relationships available to them.

Veronica was rejected and belittled by both of her parents and teased by her classmates.According to John Bowlby, Veronica would create representations of the availability, warmth, and likely actions of other people.He called these representations

According to the textbook, the strongest support for the claim that we have a need to belong comes from the finding that

Gina is about to have her first baby.To learn more about how to raise a securely attached child, she has just read an article about John Bowlby's research, which emphasizes that attachment style

According to social exchange theory, people