Question 1

____________ posits that a person's self-concept and self-esteem are based in part on group membership and group success.
A) Self-perception theory
B) Social verification theory
C) Interpersonal self-concept theory
D) Social identity theory

Accepted Answer

The description provided matches the definition of social identity theory, which proposes that a person's self-concept and self-esteem are partially formed based on their group memberships and the success of those groups. Option A, self-perception theory, posits that individuals infer their attitudes and emotions based on their observations of their own behavior. Option B, social verification theory, suggests that people seek out social situations in which others confirm their pre-existing beliefs and attitudes. Option C, interpersonal self-concept theory, proposes that individuals form self-concepts based on their perception of how others view them in one-on-one relationships.

Question 2

Recall that one study asked prejudiced and unprejudiced white participants to evaluate black and white college applicants (identified by photos attached to their applications)whose qualifications varied.What did this study show?
A) Both prejudiced and unprejudiced participants rated black applicants with excellent qualifications less favorably than white applicants with excellent qualifications.
B) When the applicants had mixed qualifications (that is, they excelled at some things and did not excel at others), prejudiced participants rated the black applicants less favorably than the unprejudiced participants.
C) When the applicants had either generally excellent qualifications or generally weak qualifications, prejudiced and unprejudiced participants rated white and black applicants similarly.
D) Both b and c are correct.

Accepted Answer

The study showed that both prejudiced and unprejudiced participants rated black applicants with excellent qualifications less favorably than white applicants with excellent qualifications (option A). However, when the applicants had mixed qualifications, prejudiced participants rated the black applicants less favorably than the unprejudiced participants (option B). When the applicants had either generally excellent qualifications or generally weak qualifications, prejudiced and unprejudiced participants rated white and black applicants similarly (option C is incorrect as it implies that there was no differential treatment of black and white applicants in any scenario). Therefore, options B and C are both correct and the best choice is D.

Question 3

Research shows that people are more likely to stereotype others or give in to their prejudices when ____________.
A) they are told they performed well on an experimental task.
B) their own self-esteem is threatened.
C) they receive praise from ingroup members.
D) they try hard not to use stereotypes to judge others.

Accepted Answer

When individuals' own self-esteem is threatened, they may engage in stereotyping or giving in to prejudices in order to boost their own self-esteem or feel a sense of superiority over others. This has been found in multiple studies on social identity theory and intergroup behavior.

Question 4

Sarah took the implicit association test (IAT)and found that she responded faster when "strong" words were paired with male names, compared with when "strong" words were paired with female names.What does this finding suggest?
A) Sarah has a stereotype that women are stronger than men.
B) Sarah has a stereotype that men are stronger than women.
C) Sarah has a stereotype that male names are more attractive than female names.
D) Sarah does not have any stereotypes about gender and strength.

Accepted Answer

Sarah's faster response when "strong" words are paired with male names suggests that she has a stereotype that men are stronger than women. This finding is consistent with the broader societal stereotype that associates strength with masculinity, and may reflect internalized gender biases.

Question 5

Recall that Muzafer Sherif and his colleagues conducted the "Robbers Cave" study, which generated conflict between two groups of boys.This study showed that
A) a superordinate goal reduced intergroup conflict.
B) outgroup favoritism occurred.
C) simple noncompetitive contact reduced intergroup conflict.
D) ingroup cohesion is unlikely to occur when resources are scarce.

Accepted Answer

The "Robbers Cave" study, conducted by Muzafer Sherif and colleagues, showed that a superordinate goal (i.e., a goal that could only be achieved through cooperation between the two groups) was effective in reducing intergroup conflict. This finding suggests that finding common goals and working towards them together can help reduce conflicts between groups.

Question 6

Recall that Glick and Fiske studied positive and negative stereotypes about women in 19 different countries.These researchers argue that
A) benevolent sexism cannot coexist with hostile sexism.
B) negative stereotypes have troublesome consequences, but positive stereotypes do not.
C) positive stereotypes can have troublesome consequences.
D) ambivalent sexist attitudes are easy for people to change.

Accepted Answer

Glick and Fiske's study showed that positive stereotypes can have consequences such as limiting women's opportunities and reinforcing gender roles. It is important to recognize and challenge both positive and negative stereotypes.

Question 7

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the essence of social identity theory?
A) Oliver's sense of self was shaped by his mother's parenting style.
B) Laura's sense of self depends primarily on her personal achievements.
C) Jason's sense of self is determined by the triumphs and tribulations of his fraternity.
D) Mimi's sense of self is determined by dispositional factors.

Accepted Answer

Social identity theory posits that our sense of self is shaped by our membership in various social groups. Jason's identification with his fraternity is an example of how social groups can shape one's sense of self.

Question 8

Modern racism in the United States is characterized by
A) prejudice directed at other racial groups that coexists alongside a rejection of explicitly racist beliefs.
B) possessing explicitly racist beliefs that encourage outgroup favoritism.
C) competition between racial groups that results from scarce resources.
D) an erroneous belief about the personal characteristics of an outgroup.

Accepted Answer

Modern racism in the United States often takes the form of subtle prejudice, such as stereotypes and discrimination, that coexists alongside a rejection of explicitly racist beliefs. While individuals may not explicitly endorse racism, they may hold unconscious biases towards certain racial groups that influence their behavior and decisions. This form of racism is sometimes called "colorblind racism" or "modern racism." Option B describes old-fashioned or explicit racism, while C and D describe various forms of intergroup conflict that may occur but are not necessarily indicative of racism.

Question 9

Mr.Biggs sets up his fifth grade classroom so that students need to teach each other and cooperate in order to do well.Thus, Mr.Biggs is applying
A) the subcategorization procedure.
B) intergroup cooperation theory.
C) the minimal group paradigm.
D) the jigsaw classroom technique.

Accepted Answer

The jigsaw classroom technique involves dividing students into cooperative groups where each student becomes an expert in one aspect of the material and then teaches it to their peers. This encourages students to work together and help each other, ultimately leading to better understanding and performance.

Question 10

The results of the "Robbers Cave" study suggest that ____________ creates more conditions that promote favorable intergroup contact than do ____________.
A) universities; the military.
B) the military; universities.
C) middle schools; high schools.
D) high schools; middle schools.

Accepted Answer

The "Robbers Cave" study showed that creating common goals and interdependence among groups leads to more favorable intergroup contact, which is more likely to happen in the highly structured and cohesive environment of the military. Universities, on the other hand, may lack these characteristics necessary for promoting favorable intergroup contact. The other answer choices are not supported by the study.

Question 11

Frustration-induced aggression tends to be
A) displaced toward authoritarian groups.
B) displaced toward relatively powerless groups.
C) directed toward groups that have desirable resources.
D) directed toward relatively high-status groups.

Accepted Answer

Frustration-induced aggression is often displaced toward relatively powerless groups because they are perceived as easier targets to release the frustration. This is known as displaced aggression.

Question 12

Experiments that employ the minimal group paradigm show that
A) groups that are created on the basis of arbitrary and seemingly meaningless criteria tend to show ingroup favoritism.
B) groups that are created on the basis of arbitrary and seemingly meaningless criteria do not tend to show ingroup favoritism.
C) ingroup favoritism is stronger in heterogeneous than homogeneous groups.
D) ingroup favoritism is weaker in heterogeneous than homogeneous groups.

Accepted Answer

Experiments using the minimal group paradigm have consistently shown that people tend to show ingroup favoritism even when groups are created on arbitrary and meaningless criteria, such as flipping a coin or choosing a favorite color. This suggests that ingroup favoritism is a natural and automatic tendency, even in the absence of any real differences or competition between groups.

Question 13

Janet believes that all Asians are polite and good at math.Janet is engaging in
A) discrimination.
B) stereotyping.
C) prejudicial thinking.
D) hostile racism.

Accepted Answer

Janet is making a blanket assumption about a group of people based on their race, which is a stereotypical view.

Question 14

Realistic group conflict theory posits that prejudice and discrimination arise from
A) deficits in self-control.
B) erroneous categorizing and subtyping processes.
C) threats to self-esteem.
D) competition over limited resources.

Accepted Answer

Realistic group conflict theory posits that prejudice and discrimination arise from competition over limited resources. This competition creates intergroup tension and conflict, which can lead to negative attitudes and behaviors toward the outgroup.

Question 15

If experimental groups are created using the minimal group paradigm, which of the following characteristics do these groups have?
A) Participants will be separated by gender, with males in one group and females in another group.
B) Participants will be separated by race, with white participants in one group and black participants in another.
C) Groups will be created using meaningless and arbitrary criteria so that there is no real difference between the groups.
D) Groups will be created by allowing participants to choose whom they would rather work with.

Accepted Answer

The minimal group paradigm involves creating groups using meaningless and arbitrary criteria so that there is no real difference between the groups. This allows researchers to study the effects of group membership without any confounding variables related to actual group differences such as shared history, culture, or experiences. Options A and B involve creating groups based on actual differences (gender and race) and option D involves allowing participants to choose their own groups, which could lead to self-selection bias.

Question 16

Which of the following scenarios illustrates "basking in reflected glory"?
A) feeling happy when you receive an A on your paper
B) congratulating a friend on a job well done
C) exaggerating how much effort you put into a group project
D) wearing your school's T-shirt whenever its football team wins

Accepted Answer

Basking in reflected glory is when a person associates themselves with the success of someone else or a group, with the hope that some of that success will rub off on them. Wearing a school's T-shirt when its football team wins is an example of this, as the person is identifying themselves with the successful team in the hopes of feeling successful themselves. The other choices do not illustrate basking in reflected glory.

Question 17

According to the economic perspective, intergroup hostility is particularly likely to occur when
A) groups must work together to meet a superordinate goal.
B) material resources are scarce.
C) ethnocentric beliefs are weak.
D) the groups value different types of material resources.

Accepted Answer

According to the economic perspective, intergroup hostility is most likely to occur when material resources are scarce. This view suggests that groups compete for resources such as jobs, housing, and other opportunities, which can lead to conflict and hostility between them. When resources are scarce, groups may perceive each other as threats and become more likely to engage in discriminatory or aggressive behavior toward one another.

Question 18

Stereotypes are
A) unspoken instances of animosity toward certain groups.
B) negative behaviors directed toward members of particular groups.
C) negative affective responses toward certain groups.
D) generalizations about groups that are often applied to individual group members.

Accepted Answer

Stereotypes are generalizations about groups of people that are often applied to individual group members without regard for their individual differences. They are not necessarily negative or positive, but can be based on inaccurate or incomplete assumptions about the group, and can lead to biases and discrimination.

Question 19

The ____________ has been shown to reveal unconscious prejudices of people who say they advocate universal equality for all groups.
A) implicit association test
B) draw-a-person test
C) internal attitudes test
D) true beliefs test

Accepted Answer

The implicit association test has been shown to reveal unconscious biases and prejudices of people, including those who claim to support universal equality for all groups. The other options listed are not commonly used tests for measuring unconscious biases.

Question 20

Bill's belief that all African Americans are good at sports exemplifies ____________.Bill's refusal to hire African Americans exemplifies ____________.
A) discrimination; ethnocentrism.
B) prejudice; stereotyping.
C) stereotyping; discrimination.
D) racism; modern racism.

Accepted Answer

Bill's belief that all African Americans are good at sports is an example of stereotyping because he is assuming that all members of a particular group have the same characteristics or abilities. His refusal to hire African Americans is an example of discrimination because he is actively denying them an opportunity based on their race.

Quiz 11: Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination

____________ posits that a person's self-concept and self-esteem are based in part on group membership and group success.

Recall that one study asked prejudiced and unprejudiced white participants to evaluate black and white college applicants (identified by photos attached to their applications) whose qualifications varied.What did this study show?

Research shows that people are more likely to stereotype others or give in to their prejudices when ____________.

Sarah took the implicit association test (IAT) and found that she responded faster when "strong" words were paired with male names, compared with when "strong" words were paired with female names.What does this finding suggest?

Recall that Muzafer Sherif and his colleagues conducted the "Robbers Cave" study, which generated conflict between two groups of boys.This study showed that

Recall that Glick and Fiske studied positive and negative stereotypes about women in 19 different countries.These researchers argue that

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the essence of social identity theory?

Modern racism in the United States is characterized by

Mr.Biggs sets up his fifth grade classroom so that students need to teach each other and cooperate in order to do well.Thus, Mr.Biggs is applying

The results of the "Robbers Cave" study suggest that creates more conditions that promote favorable intergroup contact than do .

Frustration-induced aggression tends to be

Experiments that employ the minimal group paradigm show that

Janet believes that all Asians are polite and good at math.Janet is engaging in

Realistic group conflict theory posits that prejudice and discrimination arise from

If experimental groups are created using the minimal group paradigm, which of the following characteristics do these groups have?

Which of the following scenarios illustrates "basking in reflected glory"?

According to the economic perspective, intergroup hostility is particularly likely to occur when

Stereotypes are

The ____________ has been shown to reveal unconscious prejudices of people who say they advocate universal equality for all groups.

Bill's belief that all African Americans are good at sports exemplifies .Bill's refusal to hire African Americans exemplifies .