Question 1

Which hormone functions in the regulation of the body's metabolic rate?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid hormone is responsible for regulating the body's metabolic rate.

Question 2

The ______ system is assisted by the lymphatic system and the physical barriers of the skin and gastrointestinal tract.

Accepted Answer

The immune system is assisted by the lymphatic system, which transports immune cells throughout the body, and by the physical barriers of the skin and gastrointestinal tract, which help prevent pathogens from entering the body. The respiratory and skeletal systems do not play a significant role in assisting the immune system, and while the nervous system can influence immune function, it is not considered a direct assistant of the immune system.

Question 3

Which large blood vessel is the first to receive most recently eaten nutrients, transporting them to the liver?

Accepted Answer

The hepatic portal vein is the blood vessel that receives nutrients from the recently digested food in the small intestine and transports them to the liver for processing and storage. The other options, mesenteric vein, subclavian vein, and hepatic vein, do not have this specific role in transporting nutrients from the digestive system to the liver.

Question 4

To which body part does blood travel to pick up oxygen and release carbon dioxide?

Accepted Answer

Blood travels to the lungs to pick up oxygen and release carbon dioxide through the process of gas exchange. The lungs contain millions of tiny air sacs called alveoli, where this exchange occurs. The heart pumps the blood to and from the lungs, but it is the lungs that are responsible for oxygenation of the blood. The liver and kidneys have important roles in filtering and processing blood, but they are not directly involved in the oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange.

Question 5

After digestion and absorption, which circulatory system carries fat and fat-soluble vitamins?

Accepted Answer

The lymphatic system carries fat and fat-soluble vitamins after digestion and absorption. These nutrients are transported in the form of chylomicrons, which enter the lymphatic vessels in the small intestine and then enter the bloodstream through the thoracic duct. The portal system carries nutrients from the small intestine to the liver, and the enterohepatic circulation refers to the recycling of bile acids between the liver and small intestine. The mesentery is a tissue that supports and connects the small intestine to the abdominal wall.

Question 6

All of the following are features of the epiglottis EXCEPT which one?

Accepted Answer

The epiglottis is not a sphincter, it is a flap of tissue that helps to prevent food from entering the trachea during swallowing. While it does guide food towards the esophagus, it is not considered a sphincter. The first sphincter of the GI tract is the lower esophageal sphincter, which separates the esophagus from the stomach.

Question 7

Which of the following is true about the lymphatic system?

Accepted Answer

The lymphatic system is responsible for transporting fat-soluble nutrients, such as vitamins A, D, E, and K, from the small intestine to the bloodstream. The system intersects with the bloodstream at various points. The specialized fluid carried by this system is lymph, not blood. Thus, options A, B, and C are all false.

Question 8

The stomach empties into the small intestine through the

Accepted Answer

The pyloric sphincter is the opening between the stomach and the small intestine, allowing food to pass from the stomach into the duodenum (first part of the small intestine). The esophageal sphincter is the opening between the esophagus and the stomach, preventing food and acid from flowing back up into the esophagus. The sphincter of Oddi regulates the release of pancreatic juices and bile into the small intestine. The ileocecal sphincter is the opening between the small intestine and the large intestine, controlling the flow of materials from the small intestine into the colon.

Question 9

The constant turnover of body tissues requires the ______ supplied by carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.

Accepted Answer

Chemical energy is required for the constant turnover of body tissues. Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids are all sources of chemical energy that can be used to fuel cellular processes involved in tissue turnover. Hormones and vitamins are important for regulating these processes, but they are not the primary source of energy required. Structural components are important for building and maintaining tissues, but they are not directly involved in providing the energy needed for tissue turnover.

Question 10

All of the following must be supplied by the diet to support the chemical processes of human physiology EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

Phytochemicals are not essential nutrients needed to support the chemical processes of human physiology. While they may have health benefits, they are not necessary for basic physiological functioning. Vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, and lipids are all essential nutrients needed for various bodily functions such as energy production, cellular and tissue growth and repair, and immune system function.

Question 11

Which of the following is stored within the nucleus of the cell and acts as a code book for synthesizing specific proteins?

Accepted Answer

The nucleus of the cell contains DNA, which acts as a code book for synthesizing specific proteins. RNA is involved in the process of protein synthesis, but it is not stored within the nucleus. Cells and organs are not related to the specific function described in the question.

Question 12

Which of the following is a feature of the lymphatic system?

Accepted Answer

The lymphatic system picks up and transports dietary lipids, as well as playing a role in immunity by transporting lymphocytes and other immune cells throughout the body. A is incorrect because lymph doesn't have a mucus-like consistency. C is incorrect because fat- and water-soluble vitamins are transported through the bloodstream rather than the lymphatic system. D is incorrect because the lymphatic system is not involved in transporting nutrients to the liver.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system?

Accepted Answer

The urinary system is responsible for excretion of waste products from the body, regulation of water content, and contributing to acid-base balance. However, excretion of fat-soluble vitamins is not a specific function of the urinary system.

Question 14

Most chemical digestion takes place in the

Accepted Answer

The majority of chemical digestion occurs in the small intestine, where enzymes from the pancreas and small intestine break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The stomach also aids in digestion by secreting acid and enzymes, but it primarily serves to physically break down food. The pancreas does secrete enzymes necessary for digestion, but it does not directly participate in digestion itself. The large intestine primarily absorbs water and electrolytes and does not have a significant role in chemical digestion.

Question 15

Transmission of nerve impulses relies on the concentrations of ______ in the neuron.

Accepted Answer

Transmission of nerve impulses relies on the concentrations of sodium and potassium in the neuron. This is because nerve impulses are caused by a change in the relative concentrations of these ions, known as an action potential. When the neuron is at rest, there are more sodium ions outside the cell membrane and more potassium ions inside. When a signal reaches the neuron, channels in the membrane allow sodium ions to rush into the cell, causing a positive charge inside. This triggers the release of potassium ions, which then restore the negative charge inside the neuron. This process allows the nerve impulse to be transmitted along the length of the neuron.

Question 16

The ___________________________ system is made up of several glands that act in the regulation of metabolism, reproduction, water balance, and many other functions.

Accepted Answer

The endocrine system is responsible for the regulation and coordination of many bodily functions through the release of hormones. This includes metabolism, reproduction, and water balance, as well as growth and development, response to stress, and regulation of blood sugar levels. The other systems listed (cardiovascular, urinary, lymphatic) have important functions, but they do not involve the secretion of hormones.

Question 17

What structure prevents food from entering the trachea when you swallow?

Accepted Answer

The epiglottis is a flap of tissue that covers the trachea when you swallow, preventing food and liquid from entering and instead directing them down the esophagus and into the stomach.

Question 18

Nutrient-rich blood leaving the intestine goes by way of a vein to the

Accepted Answer

Nutrient-rich blood leaving the intestine first goes through the hepatic portal vein and directly to the liver for processing and filtering before it enters the general circulation by way of the hepatic vein. Therefore, the correct choice is the liver.

Question 19

______ tissue is part of rigid body structures, such as bone and cartilage.

Accepted Answer

Connective tissue is responsible for providing support and structure to the body, including bone and cartilage. Nervous tissue is responsible for transmitting electrical signals throughout the body, muscle tissue is responsible for movement, and epithelial tissue lines and protects the body's surfaces.

Question 20

Where does digestion begin?

Accepted Answer

Digestion begins in the mouth with the help of the teeth and saliva. The teeth break down food into smaller pieces while saliva helps to soften and moisten the food, making it easier to swallow and digest.

Quiz 3: The Human Body: a Nutrition Perspective