Question 1

In the self-determination theory of Deci and Ryan, the value or pleasure associated with an activity is called:

Accepted Answer

Intrinsic motivation refers to the value or pleasure associated with an activity that comes from within the individual, rather than from external rewards or pressures. Extrinsic motivation, on the other hand, refers to motivation that comes from external rewards or pressures. Self-actualizing motivation is not a term used in the self-determination theory, and reward is a term used to describe the external incentives used to motivate behavior.

Question 2

According to self-determination theory, the development of intrinsic motivation may be facilitated by:

Accepted Answer

Self-determination theory posits that intrinsic motivation is driven by three basic psychological needs: autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Therefore, meeting these needs can facilitate the development of intrinsic motivation. Getting extra rewards (B) or meeting one's needs for extrinsic motivation (C) may actually undermine intrinsic motivation. Feeling controlled by the desires of other people (D) may also undermine autonomy and therefore intrinsic motivation.

Question 3

The motivation theory developed by Deci and Ryan is known as _____ theory.

Accepted Answer

Deci and Ryan's motivation theory is known as self-determination theory, which emphasizes the importance of intrinsic motivation and three basic psychological needs: autonomy, competence, and relatedness.

Question 4

The three modes of Bandura's concept of human agency include:

Accepted Answer

Albert Bandura's concept of human agency encompasses three modes: personal agency, where individuals have the power to influence their own actions and outcomes; proxy agency, where individuals influence others to act on their behalf; and collective agency, where people act together to shape their future.

Question 5

According to Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi, a shortcoming in the field of psychology has been too much emphasis on:

Accepted Answer

Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi have criticized the field of psychology for focusing too much on pathology, or how to treat people who are mentally ill, rather than on positive aspects of human behavior and how to foster well-being.

Question 6

Martin Seligman and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi (2000) argued that psychology has been dominated by attempts to _____ rather than nurturing _____ individuals.

Accepted Answer

Martin Seligman and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi (2000) argued that psychology has traditionally focused on treating mental illness rather than promoting mental health and wellbeing. Therefore, option C, which states "treat disease; healthy," is the best choice. The other options, such as A, B, and D, are not directly related to Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi's argument.

Question 7

According to Seligman, aspects of human character that are valued universally are called:

Accepted Answer

According to Seligman, aspects of human character that are valued universally are called virtues.

Question 8

Which of the following is not one of the three basic needs identified by Deci and Ryan?

Accepted Answer

Self-determination is actually the overarching concept that includes the three basic needs identified by Deci and Ryan: competence, autonomy, and relatedness.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT of Seligman's core virtues?

Accepted Answer

Honesty is not listed among Seligman's core virtues in his well-being theory. Seligman's core virtues include wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence, but not honesty directly.

Question 10

Which of the following deals mainly with agency from the perspective of the individual?

Accepted Answer

The term "personal agency" refers to an individual's ability to make choices and take actions that directly affect their own lives. Therefore, option D, which specifically mentions "personal", is the best choice. The other options do not necessarily relate to the perspective of the individual.

Question 11

A new area in psychology that focuses on how people can become happy, fulfilled and psychologically healthy is called:

Accepted Answer

Positive psychology is the area of psychology that focuses on studying and promoting positive emotions, character strengths, and well-being in individuals and communities. It aims to help individuals lead fulfilled, happy lives by exploring and understanding what contributes to positive mental health. Flow psychology is a separate concept that relates to the experience of being fully engaged in a task or activity. Clinical psychology and psychoanalysis focus more on mental illness and disorders.

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT one of Bandura's core features of human agency?

Accepted Answer

Bandura's core features of human agency are intentionality, forethought, self-reactiveness, and self-reflectiveness. Self-regard is not one of the core features.

Question 13

_____ motivation emphasizes the goals toward which an activity is directed, while _____ motivation refers to the value or pleasure associated with an activity.

Accepted Answer

Extrinsic motivation is about achieving external goals or rewards, while intrinsic motivation is about the inherent enjoyment or satisfaction derived from the activity itself.

Question 14

One concept that is central to the theories of Rogers, Maslow, White, DeCharms, Bandura, and Deci and Ryan, is the focus on:

Accepted Answer

All of the mentioned theorists focus on human growth and development, particularly in regards to how individuals can reach their full potential and achieve personal growth and fulfillment. While factors such as happiness and social learning are important aspects in their theories, they are both seen as means to promote human growth rather than the end goal. In contrast, heredity is not a central focus in their theories as they primarily emphasize the influence of the environment and individual agency in shaping personal growth.

Question 15

According to the self-determination theory, behavior that was once the result of _____ factors can become _____ motivated, provided the external motives become internalized, or integrated into one's sense of self.

Accepted Answer

The self-determination theory proposes that behavior can be either extrinsically or intrinsically motivated. However, behavior that was once driven by external or extrinsic factors can become intrinsically motivated if those external factors become internalized or integrated into one's sense of self. This is the process of internalization, which allows external motives to become personally motivating factors. Therefore, the best choice is A, extrinsic and intrinsically motivated.

Question 16

The process of focusing one's attention on the moment rather than engaging in pleasure-inducing activity automatically is called:

Accepted Answer

The process described is mindfulness, which involves being present in the moment and fully engaged in one's current activity rather than seeking pleasure or distractions. Gratification refers to the experience of pleasure or satisfaction, while hedonia is the pursuit of pleasure or enjoyment. Positive psychology is a field of study focused on understanding the factors that contribute to human flourishing and well-being.

Question 17

When rewards are given for behavior that was previously intrinsically motivated, all of the following are true EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

If rewards are given for behavior that was previously intrinsically motivated, it is unlikely that intrinsic motivation will continue at the same level. The other options (A, C, and D) are true in this case. Intrinsic motivation can be undermined, the person's sense of autonomy may be reduced, and extrinsic motivation increases when rewards are introduced.

Question 18

Research by Deci and Ryan has shown that when psychological needs are satisfied, all of the following are true EXCEPT that the individual:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research by Deci and Ryan has shown...

Question 19

Deci and Ryan have identified which of the following as three basic human needs?

Accepted Answer

Deci and Ryan identified competence, relatedness, and autonomy as the three basic human needs in their self-determination theory.

Question 20

Which one of the following is NOT one of Seligman's aspects of human functioning?

Accepted Answer

Seligman's model of positive psychology, known as PERMA, includes Positive Emotions, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment. Positive outlooks are not explicitly mentioned as one of the aspects of human functioning in Seligman's model. Positive emotions, individual traits and virtues, and institutions are part of his broader understanding of well-being and flourishing.

Quiz 11: Cognitive Motivation: Competence and Control