Quiz 6: Incentive Motivation
Psychology
Q 1Q 1
An incentive usually describes some _____ that motivates us.
A) goal object
B) pleasurable event
C) innate urge
D) learned reaction to a stimulus
Free
Multiple Choice
A
Q 2Q 2
Incentives:
A) motivate behavior
B) are instinctive
C) can be thoughts
D) are only relevant for adults
Free
Multiple Choice
A
Q 3Q 3
In Crespi's (1942) study, rats that suddenly received smaller rewards for running slowed down, and rats that suddenly received larger rewards ran faster. These results show that:
A) Hull's concept of drive is true
B) incentives influence learning
C) incentives influence performance
D) incentives are the same as motivation
Free
Multiple Choice
C
Q 4Q 4
Incentive motivation may be thought of as a _____ between the stimulus characteristics of some goal object and the responses that are directed toward that object.
A) bridge
B) mediator
C) midway point
D) instinctive urge
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 5Q 5
Crespi's research on the effect of the size of reward shows that:
A) large rewards lead to faster learning
B) large rewards lead to slower learning
C) the size of the reward influenced learning, but not performance
D) the size of the reward influenced performance, but not actual learning
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 6Q 6
Motivation theorists have taken the position that incentive motivation may be a mediator (M) between a goal object and the responses that are directed toward that goal object. Which of the following is NOT one of the ways in which the properties of M have been studied?
A) energizing properties of M
B) emotional properties of M
C) information properties of M
D) transformational properties of M
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 7Q 7
According to Amsel's research, partially reinforced animals have:
A) one source of incentive motivation
B) two sources of incentive motivation
C) three sources of incentive motivation
D) four sources of incentive motivation
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 8Q 8
Amsel called the concept that motivation generated by the frustration of nonreward gets channeled into the response that causes the frustration:
A) conditioning
B) counterconditioning
C) emotion
D) incentives
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 9Q 9
Amsel proposed that the partial frustration responses and their associated stimulus feedback become _____ to the responses the organism is making.
A) extinguished
B) motivationally exhausted
C) counterconditioned
D) blind
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 10Q 10
The fractional anticipatory goal response mechanism:
A) is currently thought to involve peripheral responses
B) relies on classical conditioning and stimulus feedback for its development
C) assumes anticipatory thought processes
D) has substantial evidence for its existence
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 11Q 11
A rat is reinforced for some of its lever pressing behaviors, but not of others. We could say that it is on a _____ reinforcement schedule.
A) partial
B) lower level
C) unfulfilled
D) variable
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 12Q 12
The fractional anticipatory response mechanism may be relevant in explaining which of the following?
A) the cognitive aspects of behavior
B) how incentive motivation develops
C) why certain behaviors persist once they have begun
D) how goals are developed
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 13Q 13
Every time Johnny's dog brings the ball back to him, she gets a reward. The dog is on a(n) _____ reinforcement schedule.
A) intermittent
B) partial
C) competing
D) continuous
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 14Q 14
On a _____ reinforcement schedule the individual is reinforced for every response; but on a _____ reinforcement schedule, the animal is only reinforced for only some responses.
A) partial; continuous
B) variable; same
C) continuous; partial
D) same; variable
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 15Q 15
According to Amsel's theory, what occurs if an individual is unrewarded for a response for which it was previously rewarded?
A) an unlearned frustration response
B) a learned frustration response
C) an unlearned aggressive response
D) learned helplessness
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 16Q 16
In an experiment by Amsel and Roussel (1952), rats were sometimes fed in one goal box and then allowed to run to a second goal box where they were also fed. On other trials they received nothing in the first goal box, but then were fed in the second goal box. On the latter trials the rats:
A) ran slower to the second goal box
B) refused to eat in the second goal box
C) ran faster to the second goal box
D) ran at the same speed as in the trials where they were fed at the first goal box
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 17Q 17
According to Mowrer's theory of incentives, the emotion of _____ is associated with any increase in drive, while the emotion of _____ is associated with any decrease in drive.
A) hope, fear
B) fear, hope
C) relief, disappointment
D) disappointment, relief
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 18Q 18
Which of the following are the four primary emotions generated by incentives as described by Mowrer?
A) fear, hope, love, despair
B) disappointment, despair, fear, relief
C) fear, hope, relief, disappointment
D) anger, frustration, love, hope
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 19Q 19
Mowrer's view of incentive motivation suggests all of the following EXCEPT:
A) rewards and punishment generate motivation
B) four basic emotions are associated with incentive motivation
C) increases in drive lead to fear, while decreases in drive lead to hope
D) latent learning is often the result of incentives
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 20Q 20
Mowrer suggests that _____ stimuli generate _____ that in turn lead to approach or withdrawal behavior in the situation.
A) affective; perceptions
B) perceptual; affective impulses
C) informational; emotions
D) emotional; motivational impulses
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 21Q 21
According to Mowrer's theory, incentives generate _____, while according to Tolman's theory, incentives provide _____.
A) emotions; information
B) emotions, conditioning
C) information; emotions
D) rewards; reinforcement
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 22Q 22
Studies of latent learning conclude that:
A) drive reduction is necessary for learning to occur
B) reinforcement is necessary for learning to occur
C) incentives are necessary for learning that has occurred to become apparent
D) incentives are necessary for learning to occur
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 23Q 23
The theories of Hull, Spence and Mowrer can be seen as _____ models, while Tolman's theory can be seen as a more _____ model.
A) reductionist; mechanical
B) mechanical; rationalist
C) reductionist; holistic
D) cognitive; mechanical
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 24Q 24
An individual that has had several experiences with a goal can be said to have developed a _____ about the goal, according to Tolman.
A) frustration response
B) conditioned emotional response
C) cognitive expectation
D) dependency
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 25Q 25
Tolman viewed behavior as:
A) purposive
B) having emotional contexts
C) endproduct of reductionism
D) mechanistic
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 26Q 26
The finding that learning that is not acted on until motivation is present is what Tolman termed:
A) latent learning
B) motivated learning
C) emotional-motivation connection
D) hidden learning
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 27Q 27
Which of the following did Tolman stress in his theory of incentive motivation?
A) a holistic point of view
B) a reductionism viewpoint
C) behaviorism in overt situations
D) emotions
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 28Q 28
According to Tolman, which of the following is NOT true about latent learning?
A) reinforcement is necessary for learning to occur
B) learning may take place in the absence of reinforcement
C) performance, not learning, is influenced by reinforcement
D) learning may not be apparent at the time it occurs
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 29Q 29
According to Bolles and Moot, _____ motivate ongoing behavior and reinforce completed responses.
A) perceptual indications
B) predictive cues
C) emotions
D) incentives
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 30Q 30
Secondary reinforcers are:
A) ineffective at motivating behavior
B) innate motivators
C) stimuli that are not as important as primary reinforcers
D) stimuli consistently associated with reinforcement
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 31Q 31
Bindra's model of motivation includes both _____ and _____ as components of a central motive state.
A) drives; cognitive maps
B) habits; drives
C) drives; incentives
D) cognitions; expectancies
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 32Q 32
Bindra proposed a model of behavior that emphasized the production of the _____ that activates goal-directed behaviors toward incentive objects.
A) central motive state
B) emotional motivation
C) energized field
D) self-induced motivational conditioning
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 33Q 33
For incentives, _____ incentives generate approach behavior, and _____ incentives generate withdrawal behavior.
A) motivation; punishment
B) positive; negative
C) weak; strong
D) positive; negative
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 34Q 34
In Klinger's model of human motivation, _____ provide meaning to one's life.
A) drives
B) incentives
C) strivings
D) expectancies
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 35Q 35
Klinger views a goal that a person is willing to expend effort in order to obtain as:
A) a current concern
B) an incentive
C) work
D) a drive
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 36Q 36
In Klinger's model of disengagement, the _____ phase follows the phase of aggression.
A) depression
B) hope
C) acceptance
D) fear
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 37Q 37
Which of the following is NOT one of Klinger's disengagement phases?
A) intimacy
B) primitization
C) aggression
D) depression
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 38Q 38
If a person whose goal was to win a science prize instead was the first runner-up and the person decided to work even harder to win the prize the next year, he or she might be in which of Klinger's phases of disengagement?
A) recovery
B) depression
C) invigoration
D) aggression
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 39Q 39
In Klinger's theory, mourning can be viewed as:
A) the result of a lost incentive
B) the result of expectancies
C) the result of hopelessness
D) the result of learned helplessness
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 40Q 40
Pheromones are:
A) chemical signals
B) a type of sexual neurotransmitter
C) scents that are produced by males only
D) received by females only
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 41Q 41
The _____ receives pheromone information and sends it to the accessory olfactory bulb to affect sexual behaviors.
A) olfactory epithelium
B) pheromone cortex
C) primary olfactory stem
D) vomeronasal
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 42Q 42
Martha McClintock (1971) found that pheromones caused women living together to:
A) synchronize menstrual cycles
B) become close friends
C) become more aggressive
D) eliminate menstrual cycles
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 43Q 43
A primary factor in sexual attractiveness is:
A) physical attractiveness
B) social status of each person
C) intellectual ability
D) emotionality
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 44Q 44
According to Symons (1979), all of the following characteristics of females contribute to their sexual attractiveness to males EXCEPT:
A) youth
B) social status
C) novelty
D) health
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 45Q 45
The human sexual signaling system seems to consist of _____ at a distance and _____ close up.
A) visual stimuli; touch
B) auditory stimuli; olfactory stimuli
C) pheromones; visual stimuli
D) touch; smell
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 46Q 46
The Coolidge effect illustrates which characteristic of sexual attractiveness?
A) novelty
B) skills
C) appearance
D) youth
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 47Q 47
The idea that women are innately attracted to high-status males is known as the:
A) Coolidge effect
B) Bruce effect
C) selection rule
D) rule of money
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 48Q 48
The one physical trait of males that seems to be innately attractive to women is:
A) large eyes
B) white teeth
C) height
D) muscular back
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 49Q 49
Robinson and Berridge (2001) report that addiction can be understood as being generated by:
A) pleasure produced by the drug
B) pain caused by withdrawal from the drug
C) craving for the drug
D) opportunity to use the drug
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 50Q 50
Although several neurotransmitters may be involved, one that is often mentioned for its role in addiction due to its role in producing "reward" in the brain is:
A) acetylcholine
B) norepinephrine
C) dopamine
D) GABA
Free
Multiple Choice