Question 1

The recent focus on ________ emphasizes that individuals can engage in a more cognitive, flexible approach to stressful circumstances.

Accepted Answer

Effortful control refers to the ability to adaptively regulate one's actions and emotions, even in the face of stress or difficult situations. This involves cognitive processes such as sustained attention, inhibitory control, and flexibility, which can help individuals cope with and manage stress in a productive way. The focus on effortful control emphasizes the importance of individual agency and self-regulation in dealing with stress.

Question 2

In Canada, parents tend to prefer children with a(n) ________ temperament, whereas in China a(n) ________ temperament is more highly valued.

Accepted Answer

In Canada, an active temperament in children is generally more valued, reflecting a preference for sociability, assertiveness, and independence. In contrast, in China, an inhibited temperament is often more appreciated, emphasizing qualities like quietness, caution, and obedience.

Question 3

Sakura isn't a particularly active child, and he tends to be wary of new situations and people. Although he doesn't cry, he dislikes dealing with novel situations. According to Thomas and Chess, he would be classified as

Accepted Answer

Sakura's behavior fits the description of a slow-to-warm-up child according to Thomas and Chess's classification. These children are generally inactive, possess low energy levels, are scared of novelty, and take a while to adjust to new situations.

Question 4

Which of the following would Erik Erikson most likely recommend to soothe a crying infant?

Accepted Answer

Erik Erikson believed that in the first stage of development (trust vs. mistrust), a sense of trust develops when infants' basic needs are consistently met. By picking up and soothing a crying infant, caregivers can establish a bond of trust with the child. Option A is incorrect because infants cannot be spoiled and need to have their needs met to develop trust. Option C is incorrect because neglecting an infant's needs can lead to feelings of mistrust and insecurity. Option D is incorrect because consistent responsiveness is necessary for developing trust.

Question 5

Mary Rothbart and John Bates believe that infant temperament falls into which of the following categories?

Accepted Answer

Mary Rothbart and John Bates proposed the theoretical framework of infant temperament known as the "dimensional approach," which suggests that infant temperament has three dimensions: extraversion/surgency, negative affectivity, and effortful control.

Question 6

Jerome Kagan's classification of temperament focuses on

Accepted Answer

Jerome Kagan's classification of temperament is primarily focused on inhibition to the unfamiliar, where children are categorized based on their reactions to new situations, people, or environments.

Question 7

Twenty-four-month-old Tyler is placed in front of a mirror with a spot of rouge on his nose. Tyler will most likely

Accepted Answer

At 24 months old, Tyler has developed a sense of self-recognition and should recognize that the reflection in the mirror is himself. Therefore, he is likely to touch his own nose to wipe off the spot of rouge.

Question 8

Researchers have had mothers put a dot of rouge on the noses of babies and place the babies in front of mirrors to see their reaction. These researchers are studying the concept of

Accepted Answer

By placing a dot of rouge on the noses of babies and showing them a mirror, researchers are testing whether the babies recognize themselves as individuals by trying to touch or remove the dot. If the babies understand that the reflection they see is themselves, they are demonstrating a sense of self. This test is also known as the "mirror test."

Question 9

An inhibited temperament has been associated with

Accepted Answer

An inhibited temperament has been linked to high activity in the right frontal lobe of the brain, reflecting the brain's role in controlling emotions and reactions to the environment.

Question 10

Alexa and Mandy are discussing the best parenting strategies in relation to a child's temperament. Alexa thinks that the best strategy is putting standard goals in place to deal with children's individualities. However, Mandy disagrees with Alexa's view. Which of the following statements supports Mandy's view?

Accepted Answer

Mandy's view is that dealing with children's individualities cannot be solved by standard goals because every child is unique and requires a distinct approach. Statement A supports Mandy's view by stating that a goal may work with one child but not necessarily with another, meaning that each child needs to be approached individually. Statements B, C, and D do not support Mandy's view.

Question 11

Eva wanted to check if her 8-month-old nephew, Michael, could recognize his own reflection in a mirror. She places him in front of a mirror and applies a bit of baby powder on his nose. Which of the following is most likely to happen?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Eva wanted to check if her 8-month-old...

Question 12

Which of the following statements is true about Erik Erikson's trust-versus-mistrust stage of development?

Accepted Answer

Erikson's theory states that the issue of trust versus mistrust is resolved in the first year of a child's life but can be reactivated at later stages. Infants who are consistently cared for in a warm manner are more likely to develop trust, but mistrust can still occur if something disrupts that trust later on in life, such as parental divorce. Therefore, option D is the correct statement.

Question 13

According to Jerome Kagan, temperament

Accepted Answer

Jerome Kagan's research on temperament suggests that it is largely influenced by inherited physiological characteristics, but it can be modified to some degree by experiences such as parenting styles and environmental factors. This is known as the nature and nurture interaction in the development of temperament.

Question 14

________ refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with.

Accepted Answer

Goodness of fit refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with. It is important for optimal development that there is a good fit between a child's temperament and the demands of their environment, as a poor fit may lead to stress and negative outcomes. The other options listed refer to different aspects of child development and attachment relationships.

Question 15

Betty and Allen are part of a theatrical group, so they travel frequently. Their child, Cara, is an 11-month-old baby and travels everywhere with them. Even though Cara is usually comfortable with strangers, a full-time nanny, who Cara grew fond of in a day, helps take care of her when her parents are performing. Cara has a regular routine but easily adapts to new eating and sleeping habits whenever the family moves across states. According to Chess and Thomas, Cara would be classified as

Accepted Answer

According to Chess and Thomas' classification, an easy child is adaptable, has a regular routine, and is comfortable with strangers. Since Cara easily adapts to new eating and sleeping habits and is comfortable with the nanny, she fits the characteristics of an easy child.

Question 16

According to Jerome Kagan, children with which of the following types of temperament at age two to three later showed social phobia symptoms at seven years of age?

Accepted Answer

According to Jerome Kagan, children with an inhibited temperament at age two to three later showed social phobia symptoms at seven years of age.

Question 17

Monsena is an independent and adventurous child who likes to explore new places in her environment. However, her mother is overprotective and forbids Monsena from playing in the backyard or the garden of their house. Developmental psychologists would say that this discrepancy concerns

Accepted Answer

Goodness of fit refers to the degree to which a child's temperament matches the demands and expectations of their environment, including parental attitudes and behaviors. In this scenario, Monsena's adventurous nature does not match her mother's overprotective approach, resulting in a poor fit.

Question 18

Recent research has shown that the group of preschool children that have the following temperament, as classified by Rothbart and Bates, engage in more obesity-related eating behaviors.

Accepted Answer

Extraversion/surgency, as classified by Rothbart and Bates, is associated with higher levels of activity, sensation seeking, and impulsivity, which can lead to more obesity-related eating behaviors in preschool children.

Question 19

Erik Erikson describes the second stage of personality development as the stage of ________ versus shame and doubt.

Accepted Answer

The second stage of personality development, according to Erik Erikson's theory, is usually observed during the toddler stage (1-3 years old). At this stage, children develop autonomy as they start to explore the world around them and gain a sense of independence. They want to do things on their own, such as feeding themselves, picking their own clothes, and using the toilet. However, challenges may arise when parents or caregivers limit their exploration or expression of independence, leading to feelings of shame and doubt. Therefore, the best choice is C, autonomy.

Question 20

According to Rothbart and Bates' new classification of temperament, in which category would Kagan's uninhibited children fit into?

Accepted Answer

Kagan's uninhibited children would fit into the extraversion/surgency category, as they display high levels of positive affect, approach behavior, and impulsivity. This category focuses on children who are generally active, outgoing, and easily aroused.

Quiz 6: Socioemotional Development in Infancy