Question 1

When the kids on the block play "airplane," Tran is ridiculed because he wants to be the flight attendant instead of the pilot.This example shows how peers influence gender-role learning through

Accepted Answer

The scenario describes how Tran is ridiculed by his peers for having an interest in a gender role that is not typically associated with his sex. This ridicule is a form of verbal disapproval, and it shows how peers can influence children's gender-role learning by rewarding or punishing behavior that adheres to or deviates from traditional gender roles.

Question 2

African American women

Accepted Answer

African American women have often been seen as the backbone of their communities, providing support and nurturing to others. They have historically served as symbols of strength and resilience, which goes against the idea that they are more dependent than women of other minority groups. There is no evidence to suggest that they are more rigid in their thinking about gender roles or have more double standards for their children.

Question 3

Tyrell and Tenisha like to play house.Every time they play,Tenisha scolds Tyrell for the pretend messes he makes and ridicules him for not knowing how to set the table.He is not allowed to hold her doll except under her watchful eye.According to social learning theory,these roles are

Accepted Answer

According to social learning theory, gender roles are learned through observation and imitation of models in one's environment, such as parents or peers. Tyrell and Tenisha are likely imitating behaviors they have seen from adults and other children in their lives. Gender roles are not based on biological differences, as they can vary between cultures and change over time. There is also no evidence that gender roles are instinctive or based on cognitive development.

Question 4

According to cognitive social learning theory,we learn attitudes and behaviors as a result of

Accepted Answer

Cognitive social learning theory emphasizes learning through social interactions, where individuals observe and imitate others, and learn from the consequences of behaviors.

Question 5

As a child,Maria observed that even though both her parents were employed,her mother served all family members their dinner.She noticed that her mother did all sorts of "little things" to please family members.She saw that although her father took the children to doctors,dentists,etc. ,it was her mother who made and kept track of these appointments.As an adult,Maria incorporated all these behaviors into her own family life.This example supports the ideas of the

Accepted Answer

Cognitive social learning theory explains how individuals learn by observing and imitating others. In this case, Maria observed her mother's behavior and incorporated it into her own family life.

Question 6

Female characters on television typically are

Accepted Answer

Typically, female characters on television are portrayed as under 40, thin, and attractive. This is a common trend in the media industry, but it does not accurately represent the diversity of women in real life.

Question 7

Maria observes that wearing frilly dresses gets her older sister lots of attention.Yesterday,children in the neighborhood made fun of Maria's wish to play baseball.Maria soon develops an interest in ultra-feminine clothes and restricts herself to cheering on male baseball players.This example supports the ideas of

Accepted Answer

The example suggests that Maria is learning gender roles through observation and reinforcement. Maria is observing her sister receiving attention for wearing frilly dresses, while also experiencing negative reinforcement for her interest in baseball. She then chooses to adopt ultra-feminine clothing and conform to traditional gender roles. This aligns with cognitive social learning theory, which suggests that children learn gender roles through observation and reinforcement from their environment.

Question 8

Male characters on television typically are

Accepted Answer

Male characters on television are often portrayed as aggressive, problem-solvers and rescuers, making all of these options the best choice. These characteristics are commonly associated with masculinity and traditional gender roles in media.

Question 9

The cornerstone of cognitive social learning theory is the belief that

Accepted Answer

According to cognitive social learning theory, behavior is primarily shaped by consequences, rather than innate mechanisms or predetermined gender roles. Therefore, choice C is the best answer. Choices A, B, and D are all contrary to the beliefs of cognitive social learning theory.

Question 10

A cognitive development theorist and a cognitive social learning theorist agree on many things.However,they DISAGREE on

Accepted Answer

The cognitive development theorist (such as Piaget) emphasizes the role of age and cognitive abilities in determining how learning takes place, while the cognitive social learning theorist (such as Bandura) emphasizes the role of modeling behavior and reinforcement in learning, regardless of age. The other options (A, C, and D) are areas of potential agreement between these two theories.

Question 11

When Sydney insists on sitting on her mother's lap,her mother says she is being loving.When Damien insists on sitting on his mother's lap,he is told that he is being a baby.This demonstrates the concept of

Accepted Answer

This demonstrates the concept of verbal appellation, where one child is given a positive label and the other is given a negative label for the same behavior. Sydney is praised for being loving, while Damien is criticized for being a baby. This can have long-term effects on their self-esteem and how they perceive themselves in relation to others.

Question 12

Which item is out of place here?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which item is out of place here?
...

Question 13

The phenomenon of modeling is usually associated with the

Accepted Answer

The phenomenon of modeling is most closely associated with social cognitive learning theory, which emphasizes the importance of modeling as a way of learning new behaviors by watching and imitating others. The other options are not as directly related to modeling as cognitive social learning theory.

Question 14

Cognitive development theory asserts that children begin to understand that gender is permanent at approximately _______ years of age.

Accepted Answer

According to cognitive development theory, children begin to understand that gender is permanent at approximately 6-7 years of age, as they develop the ability for conservation - the understanding that objects and characteristics remain the same despite changes in appearance. This includes an understanding that gender is not something that can be changed or easily altered.

Question 15

Tressa is playing with her dolls.Her mother compliments her on how nicely she has dressed them.This makes Tressa more interested in her dolls and in hairstyling.Which theory does this exemplify?

Accepted Answer

This exemplifies cognitive social learning theory, as Tressa's interest in hairstyling was encouraged and reinforced by the positive feedback she received from her mother. This theory emphasizes the importance of cognitive processes, such as attention and memory, in learning and behavior.

Question 16

The growing body of literature on gender uses a(n)_______________ perspective.

Accepted Answer

The social constructionist perspective in gender studies emphasizes the social and cultural aspects of gender, rather than biological or evolutionary explanations. This perspective suggests that gender roles and expectations are created and maintained by societal norms and expectations, rather than being inherent in biology or genetics.

Question 17

Tami and Kevin are twins.They recently got a new swingset for their backyard.Kevin is allowed to climb the ladder to the top of the slide by himself,but Tami is only allowed to do it with her mother's assistance.This is an example of

Accepted Answer

This scenario is an example of a double standard because the twins are being treated differently despite being the same age and ability level. Kevin is allowed to climb the ladder alone while Tami requires assistance, which is a double standard in terms of safety expectations.

Question 18

While walking through the toy store with her 1-year-old son,Brianna stops and points out the baseballs,shows her son guns and trucks,and walks quickly past the Barbie dolls.This aspect of parental gender socialization is called

Accepted Answer

Channeling refers to the process of directing children towards toys and activities that are perceived as gender-appropriate based on societal norms and expectations. Brianna's behavior of pointing out baseballs, showing guns and trucks, and quickly passing by Barbie dolls is an example of channeling her son towards toys that are typically associated with boys.

Question 19

Children who watch television tend to be exposed to __________ gender-role views.

Accepted Answer

Studies have found that children who watch television are often exposed to gender-stereotyped views, where males and females are portrayed in traditional, restrictive roles. This can perpetuate gender inequality and limit children's understanding of diverse gender identities and expressions.

Question 20

During a play period at an elementary school,Ms.Yomogida sends the boys to the football field while she leads the girls in ballet.This is an example of how teachers

Accepted Answer

By sending the boys to play football and directing the girls to participate in ballet, Ms. Yomogida is reinforcing traditional gender roles and socialization. Boys are expected to engage in more physical and rough activities, while girls are directed towards more delicate and feminine pursuits.

Quiz 5: Gender and Gender Roles