Question 1

Vaseem experienced excessive fear while flying because he interpreted his rapid heart rate,shallow breathing,and heavy perspiration as a reaction to the imminent danger of a plane crash.When his psychotherapist convinced him that this physical arousal was simply a harmless reaction to acceleration,cabin pressure,and confined space,his fear of flying was greatly reduced.The reduction in Vaseem's fear is best understood in terms of the

Accepted Answer

The two-factor theory, proposed by Schachter and Singer, suggests that emotions are based on two factors: physiological arousal and cognitive labeling of that arousal. In Vaseem's case, his fear was reduced when he cognitively reinterpreted the cause of his physiological arousal (rapid heart rate, shallow breathing, heavy perspiration) not as a sign of imminent danger but as a harmless reaction to flying conditions. This change in cognitive appraisal directly aligns with the two-factor theory's explanation of how emotions are formed.

Question 2

In anger-provoking situations,sexually aroused people experience more intense hostility than those who are not sexually aroused.This best illustrates the

Accepted Answer

The spillover effect refers to the phenomenon where physiological arousal from one situation can spill over and intensify emotions in an unrelated situation. In this case, sexual arousal may spill over and intensify feelings of anger in an anger-provoking situation. This explains why sexually aroused people experience more intense hostility in such situations compared to those who are not sexually aroused. The Cannon-Bard theory and James-Lange theory relate to different explanations for how emotions are experienced, and the guilty knowledge test is a method for assessing whether a suspect is knowledgeable about a crime based on their physiological response to specific details of the crime.

Question 3

Stephan noticed that his heart pounded and his palms were sweaty when he encountered a bear in the woods and when he kissed his girlfriend for the first time.He felt afraid when he saw the bear because it was a threatening situation,but he felt excited with the kiss.Which theory of emotion best explains Stephan's emotions?

Accepted Answer

The two-factor theory of emotion, proposed by Schachter and Singer, best explains Stephan's emotions because it suggests that emotions are determined by a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive labeling of that arousal. Stephan experienced similar physiological responses (heart pounding, sweaty palms) in both situations, but he labeled these responses differently (as fear in the presence of the bear and as excitement during the kiss) based on the context.

Question 4

When Alex and Jason were confronted by a dangerous snake,Alex experienced a much greater level of autonomic nervous system arousal than Jason.Yet both reported being equally scared by the experience.If true,this fact would be most consistent with the

Accepted Answer

The Cannon-Bard theory suggests that emotions and physiological responses occur simultaneously and independently, explaining why both Alex and Jason could feel equally scared despite different levels of physiological arousal.

Question 5

According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Accepted Answer

The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion proposes that emotions and physiological responses occur simultaneously and independently of each other. Therefore, option C correctly describes the theory by stating that the experience of fear occurs at the same time as the physiological response of the heart pounding.

Question 6

Which of the following would be most threatened by evidence that highly similar patterns of physiological activity are associated with uniquely different emotional states?

Accepted Answer

The James-Lange theory proposes that emotions are the result of our physiological responses to stimuli. If evidence were to suggest that similar physiological responses lead to different emotional states, this would directly challenge the underlying basis of the James-Lange theory.

Question 7

Both the James-Lange and the two-factor theories of emotion maintain that

Accepted Answer

Both the James-Lange and the two-factor theories of emotion suggest that emotions arise from physiological arousal and our interpretation of that arousal, not from the direct assessment of a situation.

Question 8

College men given injections of epinephrine felt happiest if they were told the injection would produce ________ and if they were in the company of a person who was acting ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of College men given injections of epinephrine felt...

Question 9

Researchers discovered that the ________ an individual's spinal cord injury,the more emotions expressed in body areas above the neck tended to ________ in intensity following the injury.

Accepted Answer

The higher the spinal cord injury, the more intense the emotions expressed in body areas above the neck tend to become, as the injury may limit emotional expression in other parts of the body.

Question 10

According to the Cannon-Bard theory,the experience of an emotion

Accepted Answer

The Cannon-Bard theory proposes that emotions occur simultaneously with physiological arousal, meaning that the experience of an emotion and the physiological changes that accompany it happen at the same time. This is in contrast to the James-Lange theory, which suggests that physiological arousal precedes the experience of an emotion.

Question 11

The suggestion that we share a friend's feelings of joy if we smile with him or her best illustrates the logic of the

Accepted Answer

The James-Lange theory suggests that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli. Smiling (a physiological response) when a friend is happy and then sharing their feelings of joy aligns with this theory, as it implies that the act of smiling could contribute to the emotional experience.

Question 12

Physiologist Walter Cannon criticized the James-Lange theory of emotion by noting that

Accepted Answer

Cannon argued that the physiological changes associated with emotions are too similar to account for the different experiences of emotions. Additionally, Cannon argued that emotional experiences often occur faster than physiological changes, which contradicts the James-Lange theory.

Question 13

According to the Cannon-Bard theory,bodily arousal is related to the subjective awareness of emotion in the same way as the ________ is related to the ________.

Accepted Answer

The Cannon-Bard theory posits that the experience of emotion occurs simultaneously with bodily arousal, with the thalamus sending signals simultaneously to the cortex (producing conscious emotion) and to the sympathetic nervous system (producing bodily arousal). Thus, the correct analogy is between the sympathetic nervous system and the cortex.

Question 14

Astrid was emotionally aroused by a TV horror movie.She became extremely angry when her younger brother momentarily blocked her view of the screen.When her movie viewing was interrupted by a phone call from her boyfriend,however,she experienced unusually intense romantic feelings.Astrid's different emotional reactions to her brother and her boyfriend are best explained by

Accepted Answer

The two-factor theory suggests that emotions are a result of both physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation of that arousal. In this case, Astrid's emotional arousal from the horror movie likely led to her anger towards her brother, but when her arousal was interrupted by a phone call from her boyfriend, her cognitive interpretation of that arousal changed and led to intense romantic feelings instead.

Question 15

If people who have just been aroused by watching rock videos are then insulted,their feelings of anger will be greater than those of people who have been similarly provoked but were not previously aroused.This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

The scenario described in the question refers to the spillover effect, where the arousal from one stimulus (watching rock videos) spills over and enhances the intensity of the emotional response to a subsequent, unrelated stimulus (being insulted). This results in a greater feeling of anger than if the person was not previously aroused. The other options, such as the James-Lange theory and the Cannon-Bard theory, do not explain this specific phenomenon. Parasympathetic arousal may be involved in regulating emotions, but it is not directly related to the scenario described in the question.

Question 16

Samantha was in a car accident and can no longer feel anything below her neck.She experienced a high spinal cord injury.Which of the following is she likely to experience?

Accepted Answer

This is because studies have shown that individuals with high spinal cord injuries may experience an increase in emotions felt above the neck due to changes in the autonomic nervous system that control heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing. This can result in symptoms such as sweating, flushing, and tears in response to emotional stimuli.

Question 17

The spillover effect refers to the impact of lingering ________ on the intensity of any later emotional reactions.

Accepted Answer

The spillover effect refers to the impact of lingering physical arousal on the intensity of any later emotional reactions. This means that if someone experiences physical arousal, such as increased heart rate or sweating, due to a situation (such as exercising or watching a scary movie), this arousal can spill over into their emotional reactions to future situations, making those reactions more intense.

Question 18

Evidence that neck-level spinal cord injuries reduce the intensity with which people experience certain emotions most directly refutes the

Accepted Answer

The answer of Evidence that neck-level spinal cord injuries reduce...

Question 19

When students in Professor Schmidt's psychology class perceive the arousal that accompanies test-taking as energizing rather than debilitating,they experience much less anxiety.This is best understood in terms of the

Accepted Answer

The theory behind students perceiving the arousal of test-taking as energizing rather than debilitating is the two-factor theory. According to this theory, emotions are caused by both physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation, and in this case, the cognitive interpretation of the arousal as energizing reduces the experience of anxiety.

Question 20

Which theory states that emotion results from the cognitive labeling of our physiological arousal?

Accepted Answer

The two-factor theory states that emotion results from the cognitive labeling of our physiological arousal, and this labeling can be influenced by external cues present in the environment. This theory was first proposed by Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer in the 1960s.

Quiz 10: Motivation and Emotion