Question 1

Researchers condition a flatworm to contract its body to a light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock.The stage in which the flatworm's contraction response to light is established and gradually strengthened is called
A) discrimination.
B) acquisition.
C) generalization.
D) spontaneous recovery.

Accepted Answer

The stage in which the flatworm's contraction response to light is established and gradually strengthened is called acquisition.

Question 2

A geometric figure is most likely to trigger sexual arousal if presented shortly
A) after an appropriate UR.
B) after an appropriate US.
C) before an appropriate UR.
D) before an appropriate US.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A geometric figure is most likely to...

Question 3

The occurrence of spontaneous recovery suggests that during extinction the
A) CS is eliminated.
B) CR is eliminated.
C) CS is suppressed.
D) CR is suppressed.

Accepted Answer

During extinction, the conditioned response (CR) is not eliminated but rather suppressed, meaning it can reappear in the form of spontaneous recovery, indicating that the learning is not unlearned but is instead inhibited.

Question 4

An experimenter plans to condition a dog to salivate to a light by pairing the light with food.The dog will learn to salivate to the light most quickly if the experimenter presents the light
A) five seconds before the food.
B) half a second before the food.
C) at precisely the same time as the food.
D) a half-second after the food.

Accepted Answer

The most effective way to condition a dog to salivate to a light is through classical conditioning, which involves pairing the light (conditioned stimulus) with the presentation of food (unconditioned stimulus). The closer in time the conditioned stimulus is presented to the unconditioned stimulus, the more effective this pairing will be in eliciting the desired response. Research in classical conditioning has shown that the optimal timing for presenting the conditioned stimulus is around half a second before the unconditioned stimulus. This is known as the "delayed conditioning" procedure and has been found to be the most effective way to condition a dog to salivate to a light.

Question 5

The reappearance,after a time lapse,of an extinguished CR is called
A) generalization.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) discrimination.
D) secondary conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of time has passed without any further reinforcement.

Question 6

A child's learned fear at the sight of a hypodermic needle is a(n)
A) conditioned response.
B) unconditioned stimulus.
C) conditioned stimulus.
D) unconditioned response.

Accepted Answer

The fear that a child experiences upon seeing a hypodermic needle, after associating it with the pain of an injection, is a conditioned response. This is because the fear is learned through the process of conditioning, where the needle becomes a signal for the upcoming discomfort.

Question 7

Extinction occurs when a ________ is no longer paired with a ________.
A) UR;CR
B) CS;UR
C) US;UR
D) CS;US

Accepted Answer

The answer of Extinction occurs when a ________ is no...

Question 8

Three-year-old Jonathan saw fireworks that were repeatedly followed by loud fear-producing explosive sounds.The mere sight of fireworks first began to trigger a learned fear reaction in Jonathan during the process of
A) spontaneous recovery.
B) extinction.
C) discrimination.
D) acquisition.

Accepted Answer

Acquisition refers to the initial learning of a conditioned response. In this scenario, the conditioned response (fear) is learned by Jonathan when he sees the fireworks followed by loud explosive sounds.

Question 9

In classical conditioning,generalization refers to the tendency for the conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the
A) unconditioned stimulus.
B) respondent behavior.
C) conditioned stimulus.
D) unconditioned response.

Accepted Answer

Generalization refers to the tendency for the conditioned response to be elicited by stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus.

Question 10

After a scary biking accident,Alex extinguished his conditioned fear of bikes by cycling on a safe biking trail every day for a week.The reappearance of his previously extinguished fear when he rode a bike on the same trail two weeks later best illustrates
A) discrimination.
B) operant behavior.
C) generalization.
D) spontaneous recovery.

Accepted Answer

Spontaneous recovery refers to the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of time has passed. In this scenario, Alex's fear of biking reappeared after two weeks, despite successfully extinguishing it by cycling on a safe trail every day for a week. This suggests a spontaneous recovery of his conditioned fear.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a process of classical conditioning that Pavlov explored?
A) acquisition
B) extinction
C) operant behavior
D) spontaneous recovery

Accepted Answer

Pavlov's work focused on classical conditioning, which involves the pairing of two stimuli to elicit a response. Operant behavior, on the other hand, is a process of learning through consequences and is associated with the work of B.F. Skinner.

Question 12

A real estate agent showed Gavin several pictures of lakeshore property while they were eating a delicious,mouth-watering meal.Later,when Gavin was given a tour of the property,he drooled with delight.For Gavin,the lakeshore property was a
A) US.
B) CS.
C) UR.
D) CR.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A real estate agent showed Gavin several...

Question 13

Male Japanese quail became sexually aroused by a red light that was repeatedly associated with the presentation of a female quail.The sexual arousal triggered by the red light was a
A) UR.
B) US.
C) CR.
D) CS.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Male Japanese quail became sexually aroused by...

Question 14

In classical conditioning,the NS becomes a ________ after it reliably signals the impending occurrence of the ________.
A) US;CS
B) UR;CR
C) CS;US
D) CR;UR

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, the neutral stimulus (NS) becomes the conditioned stimulus (CS) after it reliably signals the impending occurrence of the unconditioned stimulus (US). Therefore, option C - CS;US is the best choice.

Question 15

Classical conditioning is most clearly biologically adaptive because it enables us to learn that the ________ predicts the onset of the _________.
A) US;UR
B) US;CS
C) UR;CR
D) CS;US

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning involves learning an association between a neutral stimulus (CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (US) that naturally elicits a response (UR). Through repeated pairings, the CS becomes associated with the US and will elicit a conditioned response (CR). In order for classical conditioning to be biologically adaptive, the CS should reliably predict the onset of the US. Therefore, the best answer is D, where the CS predicts the onset of the US.

Question 16

At one time Jimmy was scared of dogs because he was bitten by one.With subsequent repeated exposure to tame dogs in safe settings,however,his fear of dogs has gradually faded.Jimmy's diminishing fear of dogs best illustrates
A) operant behavior.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) extinction.
D) acquisition.

Accepted Answer

The gradual fading of Jimmy's fear of dogs suggests that he has undergone a process of extinction, in which the fear response is gradually weakened and eventually eliminated through repeated exposure to the fear-inducing stimulus (in this case, dogs). This is not an example of operant behavior, which involves the use of consequences to shape behavior, nor is it an example of spontaneous recovery, which refers to the sudden reappearance of an extinguished behavior. Acquisition, on the other hand, refers to the initial learning of a behavior, which is not applicable in this case since Jimmy already had the fear of dogs before undergoing extinction.

Question 17

A dog salivates to the sound of a tone because the tone has regularly been associated with the delivery of food.In this case,the tone is called a(n)
A) unconditioned stimulus.
B) primary stimulus.
C) conditioned stimulus.
D) neutral stimulus.

Accepted Answer

The tone was initially a neutral stimulus, but through repeated pairing with the delivery of food, it became a conditioned stimulus that triggers the salivation response.

Question 18

In classical conditioning,the conditioned stimulus signals the impending occurrence of
A) a neutral stimulus.
B) generalization.
C) an unconditioned stimulus.
D) operant behavior.

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus (CS) is a previously neutral stimulus that, after being repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to elicit a conditioned response (CR) that is similar to the response elicited by the US. Therefore, the CS signals the impending occurrence of the US, which is the event that triggers the CR. Option A is incorrect because the CS is not a neutral stimulus anymore, as it has acquired the ability to elicit a CR. Option B is incorrect because generalization is the tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the CS, not the impending occurrence of the US. Option D is incorrect because operant behavior refers to behavior that is influenced by its consequences, which is different from classical conditioning.

Question 19

In classical conditioning,an originally neutral stimulus that comes to trigger a conditioned response is called a(n)
A) unconditioned stimulus.
B) neutral stimulus.
C) conditioned stimulus.
D) unconditioned response.

Accepted Answer

The neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus after it has been associated with the unconditioned stimulus and triggers a conditioned response. The unconditioned stimulus is the natural trigger for the unconditioned response, and the unconditioned response is the reflexive behavior that occurs without any learning involved.

Question 20

In classical conditioning,a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus is referred to as a(n)
A) conditioned stimulus.
B) unconditioned stimulus.
C) conditioned response.
D) unconditioned response.

Accepted Answer

A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus is referred to as a conditioned response in classical conditioning.

Quiz 7: Learning

Researchers condition a flatworm to contract its body to a light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock.The stage in which the flatworm's contraction response to light is established and gradually strengthened is called

A geometric figure is most likely to trigger sexual arousal if presented shortly

The occurrence of spontaneous recovery suggests that during extinction the

An experimenter plans to condition a dog to salivate to a light by pairing the light with food.The dog will learn to salivate to the light most quickly if the experimenter presents the light

The reappearance,after a time lapse,of an extinguished CR is called

A child's learned fear at the sight of a hypodermic needle is a(n)

Extinction occurs when a is no longer paired with a .

Three-year-old Jonathan saw fireworks that were repeatedly followed by loud fear-producing explosive sounds.The mere sight of fireworks first began to trigger a learned fear reaction in Jonathan during the process of

In classical conditioning,generalization refers to the tendency for the conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the

After a scary biking accident,Alex extinguished his conditioned fear of bikes by cycling on a safe biking trail every day for a week.The reappearance of his previously extinguished fear when he rode a bike on the same trail two weeks later best illustrates

Which of the following is NOT a process of classical conditioning that Pavlov explored?

A real estate agent showed Gavin several pictures of lakeshore property while they were eating a delicious,mouth-watering meal.Later,when Gavin was given a tour of the property,he drooled with delight.For Gavin,the lakeshore property was a

Male Japanese quail became sexually aroused by a red light that was repeatedly associated with the presentation of a female quail.The sexual arousal triggered by the red light was a

In classical conditioning,the NS becomes a after it reliably signals the impending occurrence of the .

Classical conditioning is most clearly biologically adaptive because it enables us to learn that the predicts the onset of the _.

At one time Jimmy was scared of dogs because he was bitten by one.With subsequent repeated exposure to tame dogs in safe settings,however,his fear of dogs has gradually faded.Jimmy's diminishing fear of dogs best illustrates

A dog salivates to the sound of a tone because the tone has regularly been associated with the delivery of food.In this case,the tone is called a(n)

In classical conditioning,the conditioned stimulus signals the impending occurrence of

In classical conditioning,an originally neutral stimulus that comes to trigger a conditioned response is called a(n)

In classical conditioning,a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus is referred to as a(n)