Question 1

Who is more likely to have the greatest number of strategies?
A) Bobby, who has been playing chess for one year
B) Cal, who has been playing chess for five years
C) Alan, who has been playing chess for 25 years
D) Robert, who is new to the game of chess but excels at math

Accepted Answer

Alan, who has been playing chess for 25 years, is more likely to have the greatest number of strategies as he has had the most experience with the game.

Question 2

Despite experiencing Hurricane Katrina, Alice continues to believe that God is caring and benevolent. Because of these beliefs, Alice is more likely to experience _____ after experiencing Katrina.
A) post-traumatic stress disorder
B) post-traumatic growth
C) depression
D) anxiety

Accepted Answer

Alice's belief in a caring and benevolent God can provide her with a sense of comfort and meaning even in the face of a traumatic event like Hurricane Katrina. This can lead to post-traumatic growth, which is characterized by positive psychological changes such as increased personal strength, a deeper appreciation for life, and greater spiritual growth. Research has shown that religious and spiritual beliefs can be protective factors against the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression after a trauma. Therefore, options A, C, and D are less likely to be experienced by Alice due to her religious beliefs.

Question 3

In which of these situations would an individual MOST likely engage in religious coping?
A) when diagnosed with stage 4 cancer
B) after losing a job
C) while going through bankruptcy
D) while recovering from a car accident

Accepted Answer

When facing a potentially life-threatening illness such as stage 4 cancer, individuals may turn to their religious beliefs for comfort, guidance, and hope. Religious coping can help them make sense of their situation and provide a source of strength and resilience. While losing a job, going through bankruptcy, or recovering from a car accident can also be stressful, they may not necessarily trigger religious coping in the same way as a serious illness.

Question 4

The most crucial cognitive difference between a skilled person and an unskilled person may be _____.
A) strategy
B) automatic processing
C) intuition
D) flexibility

Accepted Answer

Skilled individuals tend to have more efficient and effective strategies for completing tasks, while unskilled individuals may lack effective strategies or use inefficient ones. This can make a significant difference in task performance and overall cognitive ability. Automatic processing, intuition, and flexibility can also play a role in cognitive functioning, but strategy is likely the most crucial difference between skilled and unskilled individuals.

Question 5

Expert thought is _____.
A) intuitive, automatic, practical, and flexible
B) intuitive, automatic, strategic, and flexible
C) practical, automatic, strategic, and flexible
D) intuitive, automatic, strategic, and practical

Accepted Answer

Expert thought is characterized by being intuitive, automatic, strategic, and flexible, allowing experts to efficiently and effectively solve problems in their domain.

Question 6

All the following contribute to the development of expertise EXCEPT _____.
A) gender
B) experience
C) accumulated knowledge
D) practice

Accepted Answer

Gender is not a factor that contributes to the development of expertise. The other options, experience, accumulated knowledge, and practice, all play a role in developing expertise in a particular area.

Question 7

To solve a problem in his or her special area, the expert is more likely than the novice to _____.
A) rely on past experiences
B) give conscious attention to all aspects of the problem
C) rely on formal procedures
D) verbalize exactly how he or she achieves results

Accepted Answer

Experts rely on past experiences to solve problems in their area of expertise, as they have a wealth of knowledge and patterns to draw from, unlike novices who may not have such experience.

Question 8

Experts tend to be intuitive, automatic, _____, and _____ in their thinking.
A) strategic; inflexible
B) strategic; flexible
C) flexible; analytical
D) analytical; inflexible

Accepted Answer

Experts tend to be strategic thinkers, meaning they possess a deep level of knowledge and can use that knowledge to make decisions quickly and efficiently. However, they also tend to be flexible in their thinking, able to adapt to new information or situations and modify their strategies accordingly. This combination of strategic thinking and flexibility is what sets experts apart and allows them to excel in their fields.

Question 9

Which statement about age and expertise is TRUE?
A) Expertise can overcome some of the detrimental effects of age, but not all.
B) Expertise can compensate for the deterioration that comes with age.
C) Female experts are better than male experts at keeping their levels of expertise stable as they age.
D) The effects of age apply equally to experts and novices.

Accepted Answer

While expertise can mitigate some of the negative effects of age, it cannot fully compensate for all of them. Cognitive abilities such as processing speed and memory still decline with age, although experts may be better able to utilize their knowledge and experience to minimize the impact of these changes.

Question 10

Thinking that occurs without deliberate, conscious thought is _____ processing.
A) strategic
B) flexible
C) automatic
D) intuitive

Accepted Answer

Automatic processing refers to thinking that occurs without conscious effort or attention. It is a type of cognitive processing that is fast, efficient, and often occurs without conscious awareness. It is different from strategic processing, which occurs when we consciously focus on information and use conscious effort to analyze and make decisions. Flexible processing refers to the ability to adjust our thinking and behaviors based on changing experiences and goals. Intuitive processing refers to relying on our instincts and feelings rather than deliberate, rational thought.

Question 11

Ken is a highly skilled electrician, and Gwen is his new apprentice. When unexpected problems occur as they work on complex wiring projects, the MOST critical difference between their approaches in successfully completing the job is _____.
A) Ken's automatic processing
B) Gwen's trial and error
C) Ken's innate ability
D) Gwen's use of trade manuals

Accepted Answer

Ken's automatic processing, developed through experience and expertise, will likely allow him to approach unexpected problems with greater efficiency and accuracy than Gwen's trial and error or reliance on trade manuals as a new apprentice. Ken's innate ability may play a role in his performance, but his developed automatic processing is likely to be more critical.

Question 12

Research shows that older adults are MOST likely to identify _____ as a trigger for their daily stress.
A) relationships
B) politics
C) money
D) family responsibilities

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that older adults are more likely to identify financial concerns as a trigger for their daily stress compared to younger individuals who may experience more stress related to work or relationships. As individuals approach retirement age, concerns about financial security can increase which can exacerbate feelings of stress and anxiety.

Question 13

The expert artist, musician, or scientist is creative and curious, deliberately experimenting and enjoying the challenge when things do not go according to plan. This suggests that his or her thinking is more _____.
A) automatic
B) intuitive
C) strategic
D) flexible

Accepted Answer

The description of the expert artist, musician, or scientist suggests that their thinking is flexible because they deliberately experiment and enjoy the challenge when things don't go according to plan. This implies that they are open to new ideas and can adapt their thinking to solve problems.

Question 14

According to the text, an expert internal medicine doctor may prefer a patient who _____.
A) has a clearly diagnosable condition
B) is in perfect health
C) has symptoms that do not match any diagnosable condition
D) does not come in for medical care until his or her home remedies fail

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the text, an expert internal...

Question 15

Nancy needs to have surgery, and she wants to make sure that the surgeon she chooses is the most skilled. According to the text, which question should Nancy ask potential surgeons?
A) "Where did you go to medical school?"
B) "How often have you performed this operation?"
C) "How many years have you been a surgeon?"
D) "What was your undergraduate GPA (grade point average)?"

Accepted Answer

Asking how often the surgeon has performed the specific operation will give Nancy an idea of their experience and skill level in that particular procedure. The other questions may not necessarily indicate the surgeon's proficiency in performing the surgery that Nancy needs.

Question 16

The superior strategies of the expert permit selective optimization with compensation. In a study, trained pilots were given directions by air traffic controllers in a flight simulation. The study found that _____ used their own shorthand to illustrate and emphasize ideas.
A) experienced pilots took more accurate and complete notes and
B) inexperienced pilots took more accurate and complete notes and
C) experienced and inexperienced pilots took equally accurate and complete notes and each
D) experienced pilots took more accurate and complete notes and inexperienced pilots

Accepted Answer

The sentence states that "trained pilots" were given directions and the study found that "experienced pilots" used their own shorthand to illustrate and emphasize ideas. Therefore, option A is the correct answer. Option B and C are incorrect as they do not match the information given in the sentence. Option D is incomplete and does not provide information on the note-taking ability of inexperienced pilots.

Question 17

When developmentalists use the term "expert," they usually mean a person who _____.
A) is extraordinarily gifted in one area
B) has earned advanced credentials in his or her special area
C) is innately skilled
D) specializes in activities that are personally meaningful

Accepted Answer

Developmentalists often define an "expert" as someone who specializes in activities that are personally meaningful, emphasizing the importance of experience and practice in developing expertise.

Question 18

Many middle-aged adults report that their MOST stressful activity is _____.
A) child care
B) financial planning
C) going to work
D) housework

Accepted Answer

The answer of Many middle-aged adults report that their MOST...

Question 19

Compared to novices, experts typically _____.
A) work more slowly
B) are less flexible
C) are more intuitive
D) exhibit more arrogance

Accepted Answer

Experts often develop intuitive skills through extensive practice and experience, allowing them to quickly and efficiently solve problems. They also tend to be more accurate and confident in their abilities, but not necessarily arrogant. They may not be as flexible in their thinking, however, as their expertise can lead to a tendency to rely on established approaches and solutions. They may also work more quickly, not slowly, due to their efficiency and familiarity with the task at hand.

Question 20

When the thought required for an action has become routine, and it appears that most aspects of the task are performed instinctively, the performance of the task is _____.
A) automatic
B) optimized
C) compensated
D) modified

Accepted Answer

When a task is performed instinctively without much conscious thought, it is considered automatic. Option B (optimized) implies that the task has been perfected, but it does not necessarily mean that it is performed without conscious thought. Option C (compensated) and Option D (modified) do not accurately describe the state of performing a task without conscious effort.

Quiz 21: Adulthood: Cognitive Development

Who is more likely to have the greatest number of strategies?

Despite experiencing Hurricane Katrina, Alice continues to believe that God is caring and benevolent. Because of these beliefs, Alice is more likely to experience _____ after experiencing Katrina.

In which of these situations would an individual MOST likely engage in religious coping?

The most crucial cognitive difference between a skilled person and an unskilled person may be _____.

Expert thought is _____.

All the following contribute to the development of expertise EXCEPT _____.

To solve a problem in his or her special area, the expert is more likely than the novice to _____.

Experts tend to be intuitive, automatic, _, and _ in their thinking.

Which statement about age and expertise is TRUE?

Thinking that occurs without deliberate, conscious thought is _____ processing.

Ken is a highly skilled electrician, and Gwen is his new apprentice. When unexpected problems occur as they work on complex wiring projects, the MOST critical difference between their approaches in successfully completing the job is _____.

Research shows that older adults are MOST likely to identify _____ as a trigger for their daily stress.

The expert artist, musician, or scientist is creative and curious, deliberately experimenting and enjoying the challenge when things do not go according to plan. This suggests that his or her thinking is more _____.

According to the text, an expert internal medicine doctor may prefer a patient who _____.

Nancy needs to have surgery, and she wants to make sure that the surgeon she chooses is the most skilled. According to the text, which question should Nancy ask potential surgeons?

The superior strategies of the expert permit selective optimization with compensation. In a study, trained pilots were given directions by air traffic controllers in a flight simulation. The study found that _____ used their own shorthand to illustrate and emphasize ideas.

When developmentalists use the term "expert," they usually mean a person who _____.

Many middle-aged adults report that their MOST stressful activity is _____.

Compared to novices, experts typically _____.

When the thought required for an action has become routine, and it appears that most aspects of the task are performed instinctively, the performance of the task is _____.