Question 1

Autonomy is crucial to which principle?

Accepted Answer

Autonomy refers to a patient's right to make decisions about their own medical care. Respecting a patient's autonomy means acknowledging and honoring their ability to make decisions for themselves. This principle is closely aligned with the principle of autonomy in medical ethics.

Question 2

The commitment to intellectual honesty and adherence to ethical principles in scientific research is known as:

Accepted Answer

The commitment to intellectual honesty and adherence to ethical principles in scientific research is known as integrity. Beneficence refers to the obligation to maximize benefits and minimize harm in research, justice refers to fairness and equality in research, and respect refers to treating individuals with dignity and protecting their rights.

Question 3

With regard to psychological research, the goal of justice is met by:

Accepted Answer

The goal of justice in psychological research is to ensure that the benefits and costs of research are distributed fairly. It involves ensuring that vulnerable populations are not overused in research, and that research benefits all groups. Equality in the distribution of costs and benefits ensures that research is fair for all participants.

Question 4

Which is the correct order of classification for levels of IRB review, starting with the LEAST risk?

Accepted Answer

The correct order of classification for levels of IRB review, starting with the least risk is exempt, expedited, full review. Therefore, option A is the correct choice.

Question 5

Who governs the care of animals used in research?

Accepted Answer

The care of animals used in research is governed by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC), which is a federally mandated committee responsible for ensuring the ethical and humane treatment of animals used in research. The Institutional Review Board (IRB) is responsible for reviewing and approving human subjects research. The Internal Revenue Board does not have any jurisdiction over the care of animals used in research. Internal Animal Care and Use Committee is not a recognized governing body.

Question 6

Roberto believes that for an act to be truly ethical, he must forgo any form of personal benefit from performing that act. Roberto's belief is in line with:

Accepted Answer

Roberto's belief that he must forgo any personal benefit aligns with the altruistic perspective, which emphasizes selflessness and doing what is in the best interest of others rather than oneself. The utilitarian perspective takes into account the overall good or benefit for the greatest number of people, which may include personal benefit for the individual performing the act. Egoism, on the other hand, prioritizes one's own self-interest over others. The file drawer problem is not related to ethical perspectives, but rather refers to the issue of selective publication of research studies.

Question 7

The report that outlines ethical principles to follow when conducting research involving humans is called the _____ Report.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The report that outlines ethical principles to...

Question 8

Research proposals submitted to the IRB require each of the following, EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

All research proposals submitted to the IRB must include benefits and risks of the study, procedures, and copies of forms and questionnaires, but debriefing is not always required. It depends on the nature of the research study.

Question 9

The belief that ethical decisions should be based on doing the greatest good for the greatest number of people is called:

Accepted Answer

The belief that ethical decisions should be based on doing the greatest good for the greatest number of people is called the utilitarian perspective. This perspective focuses on the outcome or consequences of an action and aims to produce the greatest overall benefit for the largest number of individuals. It is often used in the context of public policy and decision-making.

Question 10

The informed consent form must include all of the following, EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

The informed consent form should not include a requirement for participants to answer all questions in order to receive compensation as this may induce participants to provide inaccurate or incomplete information.

Question 11

In a research study deception is:

Accepted Answer

Deception may be necessary in certain research studies, such as those examining sensitive or embarrassing topics, but it should only be used when the benefits of the research outweigh the potential harm to participants. Researchers must also take steps to minimize any negative effects of the deception and debrief participants fully after the study is completed.

Question 12

Vito is preparing to conduct his first research study. Unfortunately, he is unsure whether he should plan to include a debriefing. When he asks his research advisor, she is likely to tell him that debriefing is:

Accepted Answer

Debriefing is required when there is deception involved in the study. It allows participants the opportunity to ask questions and understand the true nature of the study. If there is no deception, a debriefing may not be necessary. However, it is always good practice to provide participants with information about the study's purpose and to thank them for their participation.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT one of the American Psychological Association's general principles for ethical research?

Accepted Answer

The American Psychological Association's general principles for ethical research are respect, beneficence, nonmaleficence, fidelity and responsibility, and integrity. There is no principle named "freedom" among these general principles.

Question 14

Why might researchers fail to disclose the study's hypotheses in the informed consent?

Accepted Answer

If participants know the hypothesis of the study, they may alter their behavior or responses to fit what they think the researchers want to see. This can negatively impact the validity and reliability of the results.

Question 15

A key consideration in science is whether:

Accepted Answer

In science, it is important to weigh the potential benefits of a study against the potential costs, both in terms of financial costs and ethical considerations. This helps ensure that resources are being used effectively and responsibly in pursuing scientific knowledge. The other options may also be relevant factors in determining the value of a study, but none are as fundamental as the cost-benefit analysis.

Question 16

Which is the hardest to guarantee?

Accepted Answer

Anonymity is the hardest to guarantee as it involves hiding the identity of the individual completely. It can be difficult to ensure that no one can figure out someone's identity when sharing information, especially in today's digital age. While confidentiality, respect, and justice can also be challenging to ensure, anonymity is generally considered the most difficult.

Question 17

Selecting participants that are easiest to manipulate violates which standard?

Accepted Answer

Selecting participants that are easiest to manipulate violates the standard of justice, which requires equal distribution of benefits and burdens among all participants. By choosing participants that are easy to manipulate, the researcher is not providing equal opportunity for all potential participants to participate in the study.

Question 18

What is egoism?

Accepted Answer

Egoism is the belief that ethical decisions should be based on acting in accordance with one's own self-interest. This means that individuals should prioritize their own well-being and happiness when making ethical decisions.

Question 19

Jasmine would like to conduct a study to determine whether children who watch excessive amounts of television are less intelligent than those who watch less television. If she conducts her study on the children she babysits without their parents' consent she is violating the principle of:

Accepted Answer

Respect for persons is a principle of research ethics that requires obtaining informed consent from individuals before conducting research on them. By conducting her study on children she babysits without their parents' consent, Jasmine would be violating this principle.

Question 20

What does "massaging the data" mean?

Accepted Answer

"Massaging the data" is a common term used to describe the act of manipulating or falsifying data to make it fit a desired outcome or pattern.

Quiz 3: Ethics: Making Ethical Decisions in Research