Which of the Following Is an Example of Disintermediation

Which of the following is an example of disintermediation?

A) Land Rover markets most of its four-wheel drives in high altitude regions where vehicles require more power.
B) Dunkin' Donuts expanded its menu beyond breakfasts by adding hearty snacks that substitute for meals,consisting of items like Dunkin' Dawgs,hot dogs wrapped in dough.
C) Gatorade Thirst Quencher is a market leader in sports drinks.It is now planning to market its drinks to working women in urban areas.
D) OakTeak,a furniture manufacturing firm,started selling directly to its customers after it experienced a dip in sales due to channel conflicts between retailers.
E) A luxury car company creates a hybrid line of automobiles for consumers who are concerned about the environment.