Question 1

Part of the normal immune response includes

Accepted Answer

The production of B memory cells is a critical part of the adaptive immune response, allowing for a more rapid and effective response to a previously encountered pathogen.

Question 2

Antibody molecules are

Accepted Answer

Antibody molecules are secreted by B cells, but they require a signal from T cells in order to do so. This signal comes in the form of a cytokine released by T cells specifically activated by the same antigen. Therefore, choice B is the most accurate answer. A is incorrect because antibody molecules have both variable and constant regions, which contribute to their specificity and function. C is incorrect because T cells produce a different type of molecule, called T cell receptors, which have variable and constant regions. D is incorrect because antibodies themselves, not external proteins, are responsible for inducing B cells to form memory cells. Finally, E is incorrect because while antibodies do have binding sites, this is not a defining characteristic of antibody molecules.

Question 3

Kaposi's sarcoma and Epstein-Barr-induced lymphoma tumors are examples of _______ associated with AIDS.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Kaposi's sarcoma and Epstein-Barr-induced lymphoma tumors are...

Question 4

Phagocytes

Accepted Answer

Phagocytes are cells that engulf and digest nonself materials, including pathogens and cellular debris. They play an important role in the immune response as a part of the innate immune system. They are not derived from T and B cells, and they do not secrete antibodies. They also do not present antigen on MHC I complexes, which is the role of antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells. Finally, phagocytes are not a type of erythrocyte, which are red blood cells.

Question 5

Autoimmunity is

Accepted Answer

Autoimmunity is a response in which the immune cells attack the body's own tissues, leading to autoimmune diseases. It is not desirable, and can cause damage to the body.

Question 6

Analyze the experiment below. What can you conclude about the effects of toxin from bacteria strain B?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Analyze the experiment below. What can you...

Question 7

The cells that recognize virus-infected or mutated cells and kill them via lysis are known as _______ T cells.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The cells that recognize virus-infected or mutated...

Question 8

Which of the following is a nonspecific defense of the immune system?

Accepted Answer

All four options listed (macrophages, natural killer cells, complement proteins, and cilia on the mucous membranes) are examples of nonspecific defenses of the immune system. Macrophages engulf and digest invading pathogens, natural killer cells attack virus-infected and cancerous cells, complement proteins can puncture holes in the membranes of bacteria, and cilia on mucous membranes physically trap and remove pathogens. All of these defenses act as a first line of defense against a wide range of potential pathogens, regardless of their specific nature.

Question 9

In immediate hypersensitivity, individuals exposed to an allergen produce too much of the immunoglobulin _______, which causes a rapid release of a large amount of _______, the chemical responsible for many allergic symptoms.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In immediate hypersensitivity, individuals exposed to an...

Question 10

Antibodies belong to the class of proteins known as _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Antibodies belong to the class of proteins...

Question 11

Cytotoxic T cells

Accepted Answer

Cytotoxic T cells, also known as CD8+ T cells, primarily function to destroy host cells that are infected with viruses by recognizing and binding to viral antigens presented on the surface of infected cells, leading to the lysis or apoptosis of these cells.

Question 12

B cells

Accepted Answer

B cells are involved in multiple functions during an immune response. They secrete antibodies which recognize and bind to specific antigens. They also present antigens on MHC class II molecules to activate T cells. B cells can also engage in antigen uptake and processing, although this is primarily done by antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells. Overall, B cells are a key part of the humoral immune response.

Question 13

The humoral response

Accepted Answer

The humoral response involves the production and secretion of antibodies by B cells, which can recognize and bind to specific antigens. These antibodies can help neutralize pathogens and target them for destruction by other immune cells.

Answer: E 
 The cellular immune response is initiated when macrophages phagocytose (engulf and break down) foreign substances, such as bacteria. This process leads to the activation and differentiation of T cells, which can then target and kill infected cells.

Question 14

The amino acid sequences of the _______ regions are different for each specific immunoglobulin.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The amino acid sequences of the _______...

Question 15

The production of _______ requires a clone of B cells that produce a large amount of a single antibody that binds to only one antigenic determinant.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The production of _______ requires a clone...

Question 16

After the DNA sequences of immunoglobulins are cut out, and before they are joined, the enzyme _______ often adds additional nucleotides to the free ends of these DNA sequences.

Accepted Answer

The answer of After the DNA sequences of immunoglobulins are...

Question 17

Patients with HIV are susceptible to a variety of infections because

Accepted Answer

HIV targets and destroys T helper cells, which play a central role in mounting an effective immune response. Without functional T helper cells, the immune system is compromised and makes the individual susceptible to a variety of infections. This is why patients with HIV are said to have an immunodeficiency.

Question 18

Draw a graph showing the concentrations of HIV and T cells at 2 weeks, 2 months, 2 years, and 10 years as a typical person infected with HIV develops AIDS.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Draw a graph showing the concentrations of...

Question 19

During the _______ phase of the _______ immune response, helper T cells release cytokines, which stimulate the production of a clone of helper T cells with the same specificity.

Accepted Answer

The answer of During the _______ phase of the _______...

Question 20

When the receptor of a T_H cell binds to a pathogen presented on a macrophage, it

Accepted Answer

When the receptor of a T_H cell binds to a pathogen presented on a macrophage, it secretes cytokines. This is an immune response that can activate other cells of the immune system to fight against the pathogen. The other choices are not accurate as the receptor would not inactivate itself or other cells, and would not become a different type of cell.

Quiz 42: Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

Part of the normal immune response includes

Antibody molecules are

Kaposi's sarcoma and Epstein-Barr-induced lymphoma tumors are examples of _______ associated with AIDS.

Phagocytes

Autoimmunity is

Analyze the experiment below. What can you conclude about the effects of toxin from bacteria strain B?

The cells that recognize virus-infected or mutated cells and kill them via lysis are known as _______ T cells.

Which of the following is a nonspecific defense of the immune system?

In immediate hypersensitivity, individuals exposed to an allergen produce too much of the immunoglobulin _, which causes a rapid release of a large amount of _, the chemical responsible for many allergic symptoms.

Antibodies belong to the class of proteins known as _______.

Cytotoxic T cells

B cells

The humoral response

The amino acid sequences of the _______ regions are different for each specific immunoglobulin.

The production of _______ requires a clone of B cells that produce a large amount of a single antibody that binds to only one antigenic determinant.

After the DNA sequences of immunoglobulins are cut out, and before they are joined, the enzyme _______ often adds additional nucleotides to the free ends of these DNA sequences.

Patients with HIV are susceptible to a variety of infections because

Draw a graph showing the concentrations of HIV and T cells at 2 weeks, 2 months, 2 years, and 10 years as a typical person infected with HIV develops AIDS.

During the _ phase of the _ immune response, helper T cells release cytokines, which stimulate the production of a clone of helper T cells with the same specificity.

When the receptor of a T_H cell binds to a pathogen presented on a macrophage, it

Quiz 42: Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

Part of the normal immune response includes

Antibody molecules are

Kaposi's sarcoma and Epstein-Barr-induced lymphoma tumors are examples of _______ associated with AIDS.

Phagocytes

Autoimmunity is

Analyze the experiment below. What can you conclude about the effects of toxin from bacteria strain B?

The cells that recognize virus-infected or mutated cells and kill them via lysis are known as _______ T cells.

Which of the following is a nonspecific defense of the immune system?

In immediate hypersensitivity, individuals exposed to an allergen produce too much of the immunoglobulin _______, which causes a rapid release of a large amount of _______, the chemical responsible for many allergic symptoms.

Antibodies belong to the class of proteins known as _______.

Cytotoxic T cells

B cells

The humoral response

The amino acid sequences of the _______ regions are different for each specific immunoglobulin.

The production of _______ requires a clone of B cells that produce a large amount of a single antibody that binds to only one antigenic determinant.

After the DNA sequences of immunoglobulins are cut out, and before they are joined, the enzyme _______ often adds additional nucleotides to the free ends of these DNA sequences.

Patients with HIV are susceptible to a variety of infections because

Draw a graph showing the concentrations of HIV and T cells at 2 weeks, 2 months, 2 years, and 10 years as a typical person infected with HIV develops AIDS.

During the _______ phase of the _______ immune response, helper T cells release cytokines, which stimulate the production of a clone of helper T cells with the same specificity.

When the receptor of a TH cell binds to a pathogen presented on a macrophage, it

In immediate hypersensitivity, individuals exposed to an allergen produce too much of the immunoglobulin _, which causes a rapid release of a large amount of _, the chemical responsible for many allergic symptoms.

During the _ phase of the _ immune response, helper T cells release cytokines, which stimulate the production of a clone of helper T cells with the same specificity.

When the receptor of a T_H cell binds to a pathogen presented on a macrophage, it