Question 1

According to Kohlberg, at which level of moral reasoning would someone who saw society's rules and conventions as relative and subject be at?

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's postconventional level involves the development of a personal moral code that may go beyond society's rules and conventions, reflecting an understanding of universal ethical principles. Seeing society's rules as relative and subject to change would fit within this level of moral reasoning.

Question 2

Which adolescent would probably score lowest on measures of prosocial moral reasoning?

Accepted Answer

Research has found that individuals who score higher on measures of masculinity tend to have lower levels of prosocial moral reasoning. Therefore, Randy, who scores high on masculinity, would likely score lowest on measures of prosocial moral reasoning.

Question 3

Critics of Kohlberg's theory have asserted that reasoning about hypothetical moral problems in an advanced way is not the same as behaving morally. Furthermore, critics have also argued that reasoning about hypothetical life-and-death situations does not tell us very much about the ways people reason in day-to-day problems. What have recent research studies addressing these concerns found?

Accepted Answer

Recent research studies have found that reasoning about life-and-death dilemmas does, in fact, parallel reasoning about moral dilemmas encountered in daily life. Additionally, an individual's level of moral reasoning is related to their actual moral behavior. Therefore, critics' concerns about the disconnect between moral reasoning and behavior may not be entirely accurate.

Question 4

According to the textbook, which of the following statements about moral reasoning and moral behavior is not true?

Accepted Answer

The statement that moral behavior and moral reasoning always go hand in hand is not true because people may behave in ways that do not align with their moral reasoning, either due to situational factors or personal biases.

Question 5

Mark complains to his mother that there is nothing wrong with drinking a little beer because, "Everyone my age does it once in a while and I'll be a social outcast if I don't have a drink." Mark's level of moral development would be described as:

Accepted Answer

Mark's reasoning revolves around social norms and expectations, indicating that he is more concerned with conforming to societal standards rather than developing his own internal moral code. This aligns with the conventional stage of moral development, where individuals prioritize the expectations and approval of others over their own principles.

Question 6

Adam is known for scoring high on moral disengagement assessments. Which of the following is probably true?

Accepted Answer

Individuals who score high on moral disengagement assessments are more likely to engage in delinquency and aggression, as moral disengagement allows them to justify their negative behaviors.

Question 7

Individuals are more likely to engage in risky behavior when they see the behavior as:

Accepted Answer

When individuals see a behavior as a personal choice, they feel they have control over the situation and that they are making the decision for themselves, which leads to a higher likelihood of taking risks. In contrast, if they see the behavior as an ethical dilemma, they may feel conflicted and less likely to engage in risky behavior. C and D are irrelevant to the question and B is incorrect.

Question 8

Which of the following is not a shift that is noticed in the political thinking of adolescents as they mature?

Accepted Answer

The shift towards increased authoritarianism is not a common occurrence in the political thinking of adolescents as they mature. In fact, many adolescents move away from obedience and towards greater use of principles and abstraction as they gain more experience and autonomy.

Question 9

Researchers have found that scoring higher on measures of prosocial moral reasoning correlates positively with:

Accepted Answer

The researchers found that scoring higher on measures of prosocial moral reasoning correlates positively with both prosocial behavior and being more sympathetic and empathic.

Question 10

Research on religious changes during adolescence indicates that:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research on religious changes during adolescence indicates...

Question 11

A person who obeys the rules because of a sense of social obligation to behave in certain ways is functioning at which level of moral development?

Accepted Answer

The conventional level of moral development is characterized by an individual following rules and norms because they believe it is their duty or responsibility to do so in order to maintain social order and meet expectations of others. The individual at this level has not yet developed their own personal moral code or principles.

Question 12

In contrast to younger adolescents, older adolescents:

Accepted Answer

Older adolescents are typically more likely to question authority and challenge established norms, including laws and government policies, as they develop their own political beliefs and opinions. This is a normal part of the process of developing a personal identity and sense of autonomy, which often occurs during late adolescence. Choices A and B are not supported by research on adolescent political attitudes, and choice C is too general to be accurate.

Question 13

More advanced levels of moral reasoning are indicative of which parenting style?

Accepted Answer

Authoritative parenting style is associated with promoting higher levels of moral reasoning in children. This parenting style involves setting clear expectations for behavior, providing warmth and support, and actively discussing and reasoning with children about moral issues.

Question 14

Which of the following individuals is not especially likely to be engaged in volunteerism?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that adolescents, especially males, are less likely to be engaged in volunteerism compared to other age groups. Therefore, Joshua (choice B) is the least likely to be engaged in volunteerism among the given options. The other choices (A, C, and D) all have factors that are positively associated with volunteerism, such as having parents who volunteer (choice A), being involved in a community organization like a church (choice C), and having an outgoing personality (choice D).

Question 15

Postconventional reasoning can also be referred to as:

Accepted Answer

Postconventional reasoning involves a principled moral reasoning that goes beyond societal norms and rules. It is based on a personal set of principles and values that individuals use to guide their decisions and actions. Emotions may play a role in decision-making, but they are not the basis for postconventional reasoning. Self-reliance and autonomy may be traits of individuals who use postconventional reasoning, but they do not reflect its essence.

Question 16

Research suggests that the majority of adolescents probably function at which of the following moral reasoning levels?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research suggests that the majority of adolescents...

Question 17

According to Kohlberg's theory, the most important thing is:

Accepted Answer

According to Kohlberg's theory, the most important thing is the reasoning behind an individual's response to a moral dilemma. Kohlberg believed that individuals progress through a series of stages of moral development, and that the reasoning behind their responses reflects their level of moral development. Therefore, the focus is on the quality of an individual's reasoning, rather than their choice of words, response time, or specific decision in a specific situation.

Question 18

During late adolescence, individuals define their religious beliefs based on:

Accepted Answer

During late adolescence, individuals begin to develop their own system of personal beliefs which may include or differ from their parents' or peers' religious beliefs. Therefore, the most significant factor in defining their religious beliefs during this period is their own personal beliefs.

Question 19

Which of the following statements concerning volunteerism is false?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following statements concerning volunteerism...

Question 20

According to a recent analysis of data from a sample of nationally representative high school seniors, which of the following trends in regard to adolescents' civic engagement and political participation is true?

Accepted Answer

Each of the statements reflects trends observed in research on adolescents' civic engagement and political participation. There has been an increase in community service participation, a decrease in conventional civic activities, and fluctuations in engagement in alternative political activities among young people since 1990.

Quiz 9: Autonomy